1. principle.components.structure.application.circuit.h118/1d
HYDRAULICS
principle.components.structure.application.circuit.h118/1d

2. Hydraulics The term “hydraulic” refers to a liquid
Hydraulic systems provide a means of remotely controlling a wide range of components by transmitting a force through a confined fluid.
Oil, water or other incompressible fluids were used as the means harnessing power

3. Pascal’s Law
“Applying pressure anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions, with the force acting at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid”

4. (Application: Hydraulic Lifts)
Pascal’s Law
Pressure = Force / Area
“Since each piston has a different surface area, the force exerted on each piston will be different, even though the pressure is the same.”
(Application: Hydraulic Lifts)

5. Hydraulics vs. Pneumatics
Compressible, both in theory and in practical
Hydraulics
Not compressible in theory, but in practical compressible up to 0.7%

6. Hydraulics vs. Pneumatics
ISSUES
HYDRAULICS
PNEUMATICS
POWER
Hydraulic tools are more powerful, because they use pressurized liquid (oil)
Cannot deliver the same power especially when torque is required because it only uses pressurized air
MAINTENANCE
Very little maintenance required, as internal parts are always bathed in oil
More maintenance: includes draining moisture from air tanks, and constantly keeping tools oiled
NOISE
Hydraulic tools are quiet
Pneumatic tools are accompanied by loud compressors
TEMPERATURE
It will operate in sub-zero temperatures. They will not freeze up.
Due to moisture in the air, pneumatic tools can freeze up
COST
About twice the cost of pneumatic tools
Pneumatic systems is cheaper and easier to construct

7. Advantages of using Hydraulics
Very high force despite small components
Very slow and linear movements
Exact positioning (stops exactly on a point)
Start-up under heavy loads (because there is oil in the actuator though the pump is idling)

8. Components of Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Power Pack
Hydraulic Actuators
Hydraulic Valves

9. Hydraulic Power Pack
Pump: This supplies the oil under pressure that is required to move the system’s cylinder pistons, converting mechanical power to fluid power. Reservoir: Oil storage tank, contains HLP 22 hydraulic oil Accumulator: This is an energy storage device or reservoir for oil pressure. It must be pre-charged so they can store the oil under constant pressure when the system is not moving. Filter: Blocks away all foreign particles Pressure Gauge: For visualization Pressure Line: Connection of power pack with the circuit Return Line: Recycling oil to the tank

10. Hydraulic Actuators
Cylinders: This converts fluid power to linear mechanical power (in rotary fluid power applications, the cylinder would be replaced by a motor).
Single Acting Cylinder, Pushing Load
Double Acting Cylinder, Conventional Type
Double Acting Cylinder, Differential Type

11. Hydraulic Valves Directional Control Valve
A.) 2/2 way valve (more like a shut-off valve)
B.) 3/2 way valve (usually for pneumatics)
C.) 4/2 way valve (usually to control Double Acting Cylinder)
D.) 4/3 way valve (3 types)
- 4/3 way valve, Mid position (Center) closed
- 4/3 way Mid position closed valve
- 4/3 way valve, Pump Bypass (Relief) Center

12. Hydraulic Valves
Check Valve, Spring Loaded: Flow only occurs in one direction. It needs only a certain pressure to start the flow. (Non-return Valve)
Pressure Relief Valve: This reduces pressure by returning oil to tank. Valve is closed in normal position. If the opening pressure is reached at the input, the output opens. When the pressure drops below the preset level, the valve closes again.

13. Hydraulic Valves Flow Control Valve A.) Throttle Valve (Restrictor)
B.) One way flow control valve: Used to reduce the speed of cylinder movement
C.) Two way flow control valve(Flow Regulator): It maintains the speed of cylinder with increased or decreased load

14. Hydraulic Component Symbols
4/3 way valve, Mid position (Center) closed
4/3 way valve, Pump Bypass (Relief) Center
Push button spring return valve
Pedal and spring return valve
Lever with detent setting valve
Shut-off Valve

15. Hydraulic Component Symbols
Pressure Relief Valve
Pilot controlled non-return valve
Spring loaded non-return valve
Throttle Valve (Restrictor)
One way flow control valve

16. Hydraulic Component Symbols
Two way flow control valve (flow regulator)
Control/Pilot Line
Flow Meter
Reservoir

17. Hydraulic System

18. Hydraulic Applications
Mobile Hydraulics
- using manual hydraulic in controlling
(crane, excavator, back-hoe, lifts, braking systems)
Stationary Hydraulics
- using electro-hydraulics in controlling
(press machine, molding machine, lathe machine)

19. Automobile Braking System

20. PANEL H118/1D (HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS)

21. Example Hydraulic Circuits
4/3 way valve, pump bypass
Flow control valve/Check Valve