1. Convergent evolution Evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species

2. Convergent Evolution UUnrelated organisms independently evolve similar adaptations to similar environments / niches AAnalogous structures EExample: penguin limb/whale flipper/fish fin WWings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats – all serve the same function –m–may be similar in outward appearance –e–evolved independently –a–anatomical structure very different

3. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Front legs / arms of many animals have similar basic structures

4. Convergence  analogous structures  Convergent and parallel evolution is often due to independent adaptation to similar environments.

5. Segmentation has evolved twice Sight has evolved multiple times

6. Convergence often due to independent adaptation to similar environments.

7. Convergence

8. Convergent Evolution

9. ocotillo (SW America) and allauidia (Madagascar) Convergent Evolution

10. Hummingbird Hawkmoth

11. Convergent Evolution Similar body shapes and structures euphorbias in Southern Africa North American cacti

13. Videos  Wolfe: Homologous structures