1. 1 Linking Organizational Culture with Performance: The Mediator and the Moderator Authors: ZHANG Mian, YANG Baiyin, & LI Hai Reporter: LI Hai 2011-7-1, Budapest

2. 2 INTRODUCTION: Gap and Problem Organizational CulturePerformance ?

3. 3 The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational culture’s two functions (i.e., external adaptation and internal integration) and firm performance while centering on possible mediator and moderator.

4. 4 MODEL

5. 5 THEORIES Why? resource-based view (Barney 1986; 1996) dynamic capabilities theory (Teece et al. 1997; Teece 2007)

6. 6 resource-based view This view posits that an organization’s sustained competitive advantage derives from unique bundles of resources that are valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and not substitutable (Barney 1991; 1996).

7. 7 Internal integration comes from firm- specific bundles of cultural traits that are difficult if not impossible to imitate. H1: Internal integration associates positively with firm performance.

8. 8 dynamic capabilities theory dynamic capabilities theory proposes that an organization’s ability to integrate, build and reconfigure internal and external competences is critical to achieve congruence with the changing business environment (Teece 2007).

9. 9 Organizations with adaptive culture can develop their human resources capability through absorbing new knowledge and experience from external environment. In turn, the developed human resources capability will ultimately enhance a firm’s performance. H2: Human resource capability mediates the positive association between external adaptation and firm performance.

10. 10 The Moderating Role of Environmental Uncertainty An organization with clear vision, mission and values is more likely to focus on its core resources and less distracted, thus usually has superior performance compared to its rival. H3: Perceived environmental uncertainty moderates the positive relationship between internal integration and performance. The relationship between internal integration and performance in high level of environmental uncertainty is stronger than that in low level of environmental uncertainty.

11. 11 In highly uncertain environment, an organization’s adaptive culture is beneficial more to attract and retain talents as well as motivate its member. H4: Perceived environmental uncertainty moderates the positive relationship between external adaptation and human resource capability. The relationship between external adaptation and performance in high level of environmental uncertainty is stronger than that in low level of environmental uncertainty.

12. 12 METHOD: Sample top managers attending the courses of Executive Development Program (EDP) in a university located in a north metropolis, China. 362 valid surveys a valid response rate of 86.2 percent.

13. 13 Among 362 sample organizations the average number of employees was 5,430 (SD=16,999). The average length of company history was 25.5 years (SD=27.5) and the average annual sales volume was 2.35 billion RMB (about 300 million US dollars; SD=7.36 billion RMB). 52 percent were state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 30 percent were private-owned companies, and 15 percent were joint ventures or foreign-invested companies.

14. 14 Measures Five variables (perceived financial performance, human resource capability, internal integration, external adaptation, and perceived environmental uncertainty) were measured with well-established instruments. Respondents reported their subjective perceptions for each of variables regarding to their organizations.

15. 15 Testing Hypotheses We assessed the hypothesized model with structural equation modeling technique using Jöreskog and Sörbom’s (1999) LISREL program.

16. 16 We tested Hypotheses 1 and 2 with total sample. And compared hypothesized model with three alternative models. As for Hypotheses 3 and 4, we conducted two- group comparisons with the SEM methodology (Williams, Edward, & Vandenberg 2003; Williams, Vandenberg, & Edwards 2009). We divided the whole sample into two groups (high and low environmental uncertainty). Next, we estimated and compared the path coefficients in two groups.

17. 17 RESULTS VariablesMSD123456789 1Total employment6.61.97 2Company's history26.627.490.32*** 3Ownership type: State-owned0.50.500.23***0.38*** 4Ownership type: JV/foreign invested 0.20.360.04-0.16**-0.42*** 5Perceived environmental uncertainty 3.61.25-0.07-0.12*-0.16**0.00(0.86) 6Internal integration3.00.810.12*0.020.06-0.060.19***(0.87) 7External adaptation3.50.80-0.14**-0.14*-0.19***-0.030.35***0.40***(0.83) 8Human resource capability3.10.86-0.11*-0.15**-0.14**-0.090.090.37***0.56***(0.85) 9Perceived financial performance3.20.940.02-0.10-0.09-0.11*0.18**0.26***0.41***0.57***(0.86) Means, standard deviations and simple correlations in the study Reliability coefficient alphas are presented in diagonal in parentheses. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

18. 18 Fit indices of structural models in the study Structural modelsDescriptionχ2χ2 dfχ 2 /dfCFINFIIFIRMSEA Hypothesized modelFigure 1 371.26983.800.97 0.960.09 Alternative model 1Figure 1 plus a path from internal integration → human resource capability 368.20973.800.97 0.960.09 Alternative model 2Figure 1 plus a path from external adaptation → performance 370.69973.820.97 0.960.09 Alternative model 3Figure 1 plus two paths: internal integration → human resource capability and external adaptation → performance 367.48963.830.97 0.960.09

19. 19 Parameter estimates in structural model Paths in Structural Model Samples Overall SampleLow PEUHigh PEU Direct effects Internal integration  Firm performance 0.14(3.01**)0.08(.99) 0.29(4.57**) External adaptation  Human resource capability 0.69(10.88**)0.72(8.38***)0.66(7.05***) Human resource capability  Firm performance 0.64(9.85**)0.55(5.62***)0.66(7.61***) Correlation b/w internal integration & external adaptation0.52(11.67***)0.61(11.16***)0.45(6.26***) Testing Moderator of Environmental Uncertainty Internal integration  Performance  2 (1) = 4.49** External adaptation  Human resource capability  2 (1) = 0.60 (n.s.)

20. 20 H4 not supported H1 H2 H3 H4

21. 21 Thanks