1. ch61 Chapter Six Diversity and Equity: Schooling and African Americans

2. ch62 Major Themes What dominant ideology(-ies) legitimized the subordination of women/African American/Native Americans? What dominant ideology(-ies) legitimize(s) the subordination of women/African American/Native Americans today? What were called “radical proposals” to reform society and education in the past? What may be called “radical proposals” to reform society and education today?

3. ch63 Reconstruction 1865-1877 Thirteenth Amendment Freedmen's Bureau Rebuilding the South without slavery at its center Higher education and political power for African Americans

4. ch64 Redemption 1877 White southerners regain control White supremacy laws and voting requirements for blacks established Destroyed African American gains of Reconstruction

5. ch65 African American Schooling Vague references to education in state constitutions give way to frameworks for universal public schooling in Reconstruction Redemption brought renewed efforts to shift resources to white schools, strip blacks of voting rights, and reconfigure constitutions Black communities, churches, and private citizens supported schools while disparities increased, beginning around 1890

6. ch66 Booker T. Washington’s Career The Myth –advanced public education in black communities –“lifting veil of ignorance from Negro race” The Reality –Washington era featured worst treatment of black public education since slavery –supported state-enforced illiteracy – took accommodationist stance

7. ch67 Washington’s Perception of African American “Inferiority” and Opportunity Racial evolution –Blacks need to “evolve”; should be grateful for advantages. Blacks unfit to vote Blacks should avoid confronting racial prejudice Hard labor and accumulation of property the key to success Natural laws of economics would not tolerate racism

8. ch68 W. E. B. Du Bois Opposed stifling of criticisms of Washington and his followers Spoke out against continued oppression of black Southerners and prejudice in the North Self-assertion rather than acquiescence

9. ch69 Concluding Remarks The struggle over African American schooling, and the distinctions between Washington’s and Du Bois’s perspectives, highlight enduring concerns: –schooling for social stability or a free society? –schooling for employment or intellectual growth? –schooling for social reform or individual human development? –schooling that emphasizes commonalities or differences? –schooling in whose interests?

10. ch610 Developing your Professional Vocabulary black codes The Crisis W. E. B. Du Bois Freedmen's Bureau historically black colleges Mississippi Plan NAACP Reconstruction Redemption 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments Tuskegee Institution Booker T. Washington