1. رقم المادة : CS416 شعبـــــــة : SB Spring 2008 Spring 2008 الوقت : 8-9 السبت – الاثنين - الاربعاء السبت – الاثنين - الاربعاء الكتاب : Data communication and networking لغة الكتاب : English

2. درجات المادة 5 درجات واجب 5 درجات حضور 15 اختبار أول 20 اختبار ثاني 25 اختبار ثالث 30 درجة نهائي

3. Chapter 1 1. Introduction 2. Data Communication 3. Networks 4. Protocols and Standards 5. Standard Organizations

4. Introduction Data communications and networking – Change the way we do business and the way we live – Decision depends on accurate information – Business today rely on computer networks and internetworks – Before get hooked up, we need to know: How networks operate What types of technologies are available What design best fills which set of needs

5. Introduction – Development of the PC changes a lot in business, industry, science and education. – Same happened to data communication and networking Possible for communications links to carry more and faster signals Services extended to have telephone services: – Conference calling – Call waiting – Voice mail – Caller ID

6. Data Communications Communication: Means sharing information –Local (face to face) or remote (over distance) Telecommunication –Telephone, telegraph and television –Means communication at a distance –Tele is Greek for far

7. Data Communications Data: Refers to information –Presented in any form –Agreed upon by the parties ( creating & using) Data communication : is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium (wire cable).

8. Data Communications – Communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs) – Effectiveness of data communication system depends: Delivery : The system must deliver data to correct destination. – by intended device or user Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (no change). – Data changed is unusable Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely manner –Data arrived late are useless –In the same order (video and audio)

9. Data Communications

10. Components A data communication system is made up of five components

11. Components 1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated – Consist of text, numbers, pictures, sound, or video – Combination of any 2. Sender: the device that sends the data message – Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera … 3. Receiver: the device that receives the message – Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television …. 4. Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver – twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio waves

12. Components 5. Protocol : a set of rules that govern data communications – An agreement between the communicating devices – Devices may be connected but not communicating (no protocol) – French speaker with Japanese speaker

13. Data Representation Text Audio Video Numbers Images

14. Direction of Data Flow Communication between two devices can be: – Simplex – Half-Duplex – Full-Duplex Simplex (one way street) – The communication is unidirectional – Only one device on a link transmit; the other can only receive

15. Direction of Data Flow Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic) – Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. – One is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa – The entire capacity of a channel is take over by the device is transmitting

16. Direction of Data Flow Full-Duplex (two-way street) – Both stations can transmit and receive at same time – Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity of the link – Sharing can occur in two ways: Link has two physically separate transmission paths – One for sending and the other for receiving The capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both directions.

17. NETWORKS – A Network : A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links Nodes : computer, printer - Distributed Processing : -Most networks used it -task is divided among multiple computers.

18. NETWORKS Network Criteria – Network must meet a certain number of criteria – Performance measured by: 1. transit time: A mount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another 2.response time: Elapsed time between an inquiry and a response Performance depends on : 1- Number of users : large number slow response time. 2- Type of transmission medium : fiber-optic cabling faster than others cables. 3- Capabilities of the connected hardware : affect both the speed and capacity of transmission. 4- Efficiency of the software : process data at the sender and receiver and intermediate affects network performance.

19. NETWORKS - Reliability is measured by: 1- Frequency of failure: it is little value to a user. 2- Recovery time of a network after a failure 3- Network’s robustness a Catastrophe: protect by good back up network system - Security : protecting data from unauthorized access

20. NETWORKS Type of connection Defines the attachment of communication devices to a link Piont-to-Point Dedicated link between two devices Entire of the link is reserved between those two devices Use an actual length of wire or cable

21. NETWORKS but other such as microwave or satellite is possible Television remote control

22. NETWORKS Multipoint (multidrop) o more than two devices share a single link Capacity is shared Capacity is shared Channel is shared either spatially or temporallyChannel is shared either spatially or temporally Spatially shared : if devices use link at same time Spatially shared : if devices use link at same time Timeshare : if users must take turns Timeshare : if users must take turns

23. NETWORKS Physical Topology: The way a network is laid out physically – The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to each other. – Four topologies : mesh, star, bus, and ring Topology Mesh StarBusRing

24. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Mesh – Every link is dedicated point-to-point link To link n devices fully connected mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels To link n devices fully connected mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels

25. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Example: – 8 devices has links in mesh is n(n-1)/2 – number of links = 8 (8-1)/2=28 – number of ports per device = n – 1 = 8 –1 = 7

26. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Advantages: – Each connection carry its own data load – A mesh topology is robust – Privacy or security – Fault identification and fault isolation Disadvantages: – Installation and reconnection are difficult – Big a mount of cabling – Big number of I/O ports – Hardware connect to each I/O could be expensive It is implemented as a backbone of hybrid network

27. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Star - Dedicated point-to-point to a central controller (hub) - No direct traffic between devices – The control acts as an exchange

28. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Advantages: - Less expensive than mesh ( one I/O port ) - Easy to install and reconfigure - Less cabling - Additions, moves and deletions required one connection - Robustness : one fail not affect others – Easy fault identification and fault isolation Disadvantages: - More cabling than other topologies ( ring or bus)

29. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Bus - it is multipoint - one long cable acts as a backbone Nodes connect to cable by drop lines and tapsNodes connect to cable by drop lines and taps - Limit of number of taps and the distance between taps - Signal travels along the backbone and some of its energy is translate to heat

30. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Advantages: - Ease of installation - Less cables than mesh, star topologies Disadvantages: - Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation ( limit of taps) adding new device required a modification of the backbone - Fault or break stops all transmission

31. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY Ring - Each device has dedicated point-to-point line configuration - Each devices incorporates a repeater - Easy of install and reconfigure - Connect to immediate neighbors - Move two connection for any moving - Easy of fault isolation Disadvantage - One broken device can disable the entire network (unidirectional)

32. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

33. CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS o Local Area networks o Metropolitan area networks O Wide area networks Local-area network (LAN) Network Metropolitan-area network (MAN) Wide-area network (WAN)

34. CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS We decide the category depending on: o Size o Ownership o Distance it covers o Physical architecture

35. Local Area Network (LAN) Private owned Links the devices in a single office, building or campus

36. Local Area Network (LAN) As simple as two PCs and a printer Limited to few kilometers LAN allow resources to be shared (hardware, software and data) LAN distinguished by: 1.Number of Users: –LAN links a workgroup of task-related computers –Software on a server and accessed by clients –LAN size determined by Licensing restrictions on the number of user per copy of software Restrictions on the number of users licensed to access the OS 2.LAN uses one type of transmission medium 3.LAN topologies : bus, ring and star 4.LAN data rate: 4 to 16 Mbps (Today 100 Mbps)

37. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Cover a city (company offices in city) MAN could be – Single network : cable TV network – Many LANs Example: company uses MAN to connect the LANs in a city Owned by private company or by a public company (telephone company)

38. Wide Area Network (WAN) Cover country, continent or whole world WAN uses public, leased, or private communication equipment Enterprise network: WAN owned by single company

39. Internetworks Two or more networks are connected together

40. THE INTERNET The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

41. THE INTERNET Network: group of connected communicating devices (computers and printers) An internet (small i) is two or more networks Notable internet is called the Internet (hundreds of thousands interconnected networks) – Private individuals + government agencies + school + research facilities + Corporations + libraries in more than 100 countries This communication system came in 1969 Mid-1960 (ARPA) Advanced Research Projects Agency in (DOD) was interested to connect mainframes in research organizations 1967, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET – Host computer connecting to (IMP) interface message processor. – Each IMP communicate with other IMP 1969, four nodes (universities) connected via IMPs to form a network – Software (NCP) Network Control Protocol provided communication between the hosts. 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol

42. THE INTERNET Later TCP was split to (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol and (IP) Internetworking Protocol Internet Today Made of many wide- and local-area networks Every day new networks area added and removed (ISP) Internet services Providers offer services to the end users – International service providers – National service providers – Regional service providers – Local service providers

43. PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS – Protocols synonymous with rule – Standards are agreed-upon rules Protocols – Defines: – What is communicated – How is communicated – What it is communicated Elements of a protocol are 1- Syntax : structure or format of the data ( order they presented) example : first eight bits is address of sender second eight address of receiver rest message.

44. PROTOCOLS 2- Semantics : meaning of each section of bits. – How is a particular pattern to be interpreted – What action to be taken based on the interpretation? Ex : does an address identify route or final destination 3- Timing : identify when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent. EX : Overloaded and lost if sender 100 Mbps and receiver at 1 Mbps

45. STANDARDS – Essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufactures – Guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and telecommunication technology and processes Data communication standards are: 1. De facto standards : (by fact) approved by widespread use De Jure standards : approved by officially recognized body.

46. STANDARDS Standards Organizations developed by: Standard Creation Committees – (ISO) International Organization for Standardization – (ITU-T) International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standards Sector – (ANSI) American National Standards Institute – (IEEE) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – (EIA) Electronic Industries Association Forums – Created by special-interest groups – Present their conclusions to the standards bodies Regulatory Agencies – Protect the public by regulating radio, television and wire/cable communications (FCC – Federal Communications Commission

47. STANDARDS Internet Standards Tested specification that is useful to be adhered by who use the Internet Formalized regulation the must be followed Specification become Internet standard – Begins as Internet draft for 6 months – Upon the recommendation from the Internet authorities draft published as (RFC) Request for Comment