2.  Where do problems come from?:  Problems are symptoms of unresolved conflicts  Focus:  Inner, unconscious motivations  Attempts to resolve conflicts between personal needs and social requirements

3.  Approach to therapy:  Understand internal conflicts/trauma  Make conscious the relationship between overt problems and unresolved issues  Work through problems to reach effective solution

4.  Where do problems come from?:  Problems are the result of learned, self-defeating behaviors  Focus:  Observable behavior  Conditions that sustain unhealthy behavior

5.  Approach to therapy :  Apply principles of conditioning and reinforcement and people can learn healthy behaviors

6.  Where do problems come from?:  Problems are a result of WHAT and HOW we think ▪ Including distorted views of self, faulty reasoning, and poor problem solving  Focus:  Thoughts and thought processes that cause problems

7.  Approach to therapy:  Reconfigure thought patterns so people can learn healthy, realistic ways of thinking

8.  Where do problems come from?:  Problems are the result of issues in daily life  Esp. a lack of meaningful relationships and significant goals

9.  Focus:  Unite the mind and body (the “whole” person)  Release potential for greater levels of performance and rich experiences  Approach to therapy :  Examine current experiences and learn to realize full potential

10.  Where do problems come from?:  Psychological issues stem from underlying biological (physical) causes ▪ Structural abnormalities of the brain, biochemical processes, genetics

11.  Focus:  Target the “hardware” of the body ▪ Nervous System, Endocrine System, and Metabolism  Approach to therapy :  Alter brain or body functioning  Drugs, surgery, electroconvulsive therapy

12.  Where do problems come from?:  Culture, politics, socioeconomic status affect behavior  Focus:  Learned cultural norms and behaviors  Approach to therapy :  Reinforcing positive cultural beliefs, traditions, and behaviors  Reconciling personal cultural beliefs with overall social norms