1. Theme 1: Surprise Endings
“The Gift of the Magi”
“The Lady, or the Tiger”

2. Literary Terms
Irony

3. Irony

4. Irony
Discrepancy between what is expected and what happens.

5. Verbal Irony

6. Verbal Irony
When a speaker says one thing but means another (similar to sarcasm)
When a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect

7. BE QUIET!

8. Dramatic Irony

9. Dramatic Irony
Listener or audience understand words or actions that the speaker or character does not
Adds suspense or humor

10. Senator Palpatine = Evil
4,5,6 (old Star Wars) 1,2,3 (new Star Wars)

11. Situational Irony

12. Situational Irony
When the result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect

14. Tone Author or speaker’s viewpoint of a subject
An author uses denotation & connotation to develop tone in writing.
Denotation: Literal meaning of a word
Connotation: Associated meaning of a word (often positive or negative)

15. Connotation: Positive or Negative?
Self-confident / conceited
Stubborn / firm
Hard-working / workaholic
Casual / sloppy
Used car / pre-owned car
Warm crackling of a fire / scalding smoke of a fire

16. Characterization
Methods used to reveal the personality of a character

17. Types of Characters
Static character: does not undergo any important change from the beginning to the end of the story
Dynamic character: undergoes a change in attitude, circumstance, or values

18. Methods of Characterization
Direct characterization – makes direct statements about character’s personality
Indirect characterization – reveals a character’s personality though:
Character’s words
Character’s actions
What other characters think about character
What other characters say about character

19. “The Most Dangerous Game” “The Cask of Amontillado”
Theme 2: Suspense!
“The Most Dangerous Game”
“The Cask of Amontillado”

20. Foil
Literally, a “leaf” of bright metal placed under a jewel to increase its brilliance
Foil:
A character whose personality or attitude is opposite that of another character
Through this contrast one character highlights the characteristics of the other character

21. Symbol
Something that on the surface is its literal self but which also has another meaning or even several meanings.
For example, a sword may be a sword and also symbolize justice.
A symbol may be said to embody an idea.

22. Universal Symbols
Embody universally recognizable meanings wherever used
Ex: light to symbolize knowledge, a skull to symbolize death, etc.,

23. Constructed Symbols
Are given symbolic meaning by the way an author uses them in a literary work,

27. Symbolism in “Red Death”
The color red
The ebony clock
The mysterious guest

28. Mood The emotional quality or atmosphere of a story
Can suggest a specific emotion or quality of setting
Created by descriptive language, figures of speech, word choice

29. Mood How would you describe the mood of “The Cask of Amontillado”
How does Poe create this mood?

30. Foreshadowing
Author’s use of clues to prepare readers for events that will happen later in the story

31. Foreshadowing
When did Poe use foreshadowing in the story?

32. Suspense
A feeling of curiosity, uncertainty, or even dread about what is going to happen next.
Writes increase suspense by giving readers clues as to what might happen.

33. Suspense
How does Poe create suspense in his story?

34. “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” “Gaston”
Theme 3: Imagination
“The Secret Life of Walter Mitty”
“Gaston”

35. Figurative Language
Used to convey something other than the literal meaning of their words
Enriches our experience while reading

36. Hyperbole
“If I had a nickel for every time I told you that, I’d be a millionaire.”
“Here once the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard round the world.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

37. Similes and Metaphors Compare two unlike objects
Comparison implies a shared quality

38. Simile Compares two unlike things using “like” or “as” Examples:
His face was as red as a tomato.
Compared items:
Shared quality:
The sprinter was like a racecar.

39. Metaphor Compares two unlike things without using “like” or as”
Examples:
The thief was a tiger, ready to pounce.
Compared items:
Shared quality:
The giant’s footsteps were thunder as he walked.

40. Personification
Giving nonhuman or inanimate objects the qualities associated with humans or living creatures.
Examples:
The clock frowned at me as I dashed out the door.
Human or living quality:
The puppies played and giggled with one another.

41. Imagery
Language that specifically appeals to one or more of the five sense.
Sight
Sound
Smell
Taste
Touch

42. Onomatopoeia Word that imitates or suggests the sound it describes
Buzz
Achoo
Pocketa-pocketa

43. Melodrama
Sensational plot
Exaggerated emotions