2. Lesson 3 Responding to Common Emergencies Knowing the proper response strategies when dealing with common emergencies can help prevent further injury or complications.

3. Lesson 3 Lesson Objectives Analyze strategies for responding to accidental muscle, joint, and bone injuries. Analyze strategies for responding to accidental injuries resulting in unconsciousness. Analyze strategies for responding to accidental injuries such as animal bites. Analyze strategies for responding to nosebleeds and to foreign objects in the eye. In this lesson, you’ll learn to:

4. Lesson 3 Injuries Caused by Stress When too much stress is put on an area of the body, an injury may occur. These injuries vary in severity and can affect the bones, muscles, tendons, or ligaments. Muscle, Joint, and Bone Injuries

5. Lesson 3 Muscle, Joint, and Bone Injuries Muscle Cramps A muscle cramp is the sudden and painful tightening of a muscle. If a muscle cramp occurs, you need to: Stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the cramp. Massage the cramped muscle firmly. Apply moist heat to the area. Get medical help if the cramp persists.

6. Lesson 3 Strains and Sprains Muscle, Joint, and Bone Injuries A strain is an injury to a muscle, usually resulting from overuse of the muscle. The symptoms of a strain include pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of movement caused by small tears in the muscle. A sprain is an injury to a ligament. Sprains usually result from a sudden twisting force. Sprains also cause pain and swelling from badly stretched or torn ligaments.

7. Lesson 3 R.I.C.E. Procedure Minor sprains and strains may be treated with the R.I.C.E. procedure: Rest: Avoid any movements and activities that cause pain. Ice: Ice helps reduce pain and swelling. Compression: Light pressure from wearing an elastic wrap or bandage can help reduce swelling. Elevation: Raising the affected limb above the level of the heart helps reduce pain and swelling. Muscle, Joint, and Bone Injuries

8. Lesson 3 Fractures and Dislocations Muscle, Joint, and Bone Injuries FracturesFractures and dislocations are similar. If a joint is under extreme stress, it may dislocate, or disconnect. Keep the victim still and call 911. Keep the fractured area immobilized by securing a splint to the body part with clean lengths of cloth. You can fashion a splint from everyday materials such as rolled newspapers and heavy cardboard. Seek professional medical care immediately.

9. Lesson 3 First Aid for an Unconscious Person There are different levels of unconsciousness, ranging from drowsiness to coma.unconsciousness An unconscious victim can choke to death because of his or her inability to cough, clear the throat, or react to a blocked airway. The primary goal when providing first aid to an unconscious victim is to prevent choking until professional medical help arrives. Place the victim in the recovery position and seek professional medical help immediately. Unconsciousness

10. Lesson 3 The Recovery Position Unconsciousness The recovery position is the safest placement for an unconscious person because the airway is protected. This position helps an unconscious person breathe and allows fluids such as blood and vomit to drain.

11. Lesson 3 Fainting Unconsciousness Fainting occurs when the blood supply to the brain is temporarily inadequate. Loss of consciousness is usually brief. Treat fainting as a medical emergency until the symptoms are relieved and the cause is known.

12. Lesson 3 First Aid for a Person Who Is Fainting Unconsciousness Position the person on his or her back with legs elevated 8 to 12 inches above the heart unless you suspect head or neck injury. Do not place a pillow under the person’s head. This can block airflow. Loosen any tight clothing. Sponge the person’s face with water. If the person vomits, quickly roll him or her into the recovery position to prevent choking.

13. Lesson 3 Concussion To avoid causing spinal injury, do not move an unconscious victim if you suspect a head injury or concussion.concussion Even if there are no external signs of injury, the brain can strike the inside of the skull and be damaged. Check the person’s airway, breathing, and circulation, and get professional medical help immediately. Unconsciousness

14. Lesson 3 First Aid for a Person with a Concussion If you suspect that a person has a concussion: Have a conscious victim lie down. Use first aid for any bleeding. If the victim is unconscious and you do not suspect head or neck injury, place him or her in the recovery position. Call 911 immediately. Unconsciousness

15. Lesson 3 Rabies Rabies is a viral disease of the nervous system that if left untreated eventually causes paralysis and death. If a person is vaccinated promptly after being bitten, he or she can develop immunity before symptoms appear. There is no cure for rabies after symptoms develop. Animal Bites

16. Lesson 3 When Someone Is Bitten Report the incident to your community health department or animal control department. Determine whether the animal has rabies. Give the animal’s description and location to the proper authorities or the police. Animal Bites

17. Lesson 3 Tetanus Animal bites also carry the risk of infection, including tetanus, an often fatal disease. Although tetanus can be treated, the treatment is long, difficult, and often unsuccessful. Tetanus can be prevented, however, by keeping your immunizations up to date. Animal Bites

18. Lesson 3 First Aid for Animal Bites Wash the bite area with mild soap and warm water for five minutes to remove saliva and any other foreign matter. Use direct pressure or pressure point bleeding control to stop any bleeding. If the wound is swollen, apply ice wrapped in a towel for 10 minutes. Cover the wound with a clean dressing or bandage. Animal Bites

19. Lesson 3 Why Nosebleeds Occur Nosebleeds often occur if the nose is struck or if the mucous membranes in the nose dry out from breathing dry air. Seek professional medical attention if nosebleeds occur often. Nosebleeds

20. Lesson 3 First Aid for Nosebleeds Keep the person quiet. Tell the person to breathe through his or her mouth. Have the person sit down and lean forward. Do not tilt the person’s head back—doing so may cause the person to choke as blood runs down the back of the throat. Using a protective barrier, press on the bleeding nostril. Maintain pressure for 15 minutes. Nosebleeds

21. Lesson 3 Ways to Remove an Object in the Eye Foreign objects such as dirt, sand, and slivers of wood or metal that enter the eye are irritating and can cause damage. You can also flush the eye with sterile saline solution or tap water. If you see the object on the surface of the eye, lightly touch it with a moistened cotton swab or the corner of a clean cloth. Object in the Eye

22. Lesson 3 1.sprain 2.muscle cramp 3.fracture 4.strain Q. A ______ is a break in the bone. Choose the appropriate option. Quick Review

23. Lesson 3 A. A fracture is a break in the bone. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

24. Lesson 3 Provide a short answer to the question given below. Q. What is the primary goal when providing first aid to an unconscious person? Click Next to view the answer. Quick Review

25. Lesson 3 Click Next to attempt another question. A. When providing first aid to an unconscious victim, the primary goal is to prevent choking until professional medical help arrives. Quick Review - Answer

26. Lesson 3 Provide a short answer to the question given below. Q. What are two common causes of nosebleeds? Click Next to view the answer. Quick Review

27. Lesson 3 Click Next to attempt another question. A. Nosebleeds often occur if the nose is struck or if the mucous membranes in the nose dry out from breathing dry air. Quick Review - Answer

28. Lesson 3 Why should you seek professional medical care if a sprain or strain doesn’t improve or if you suspect that the injury might be a fracture? Analyze the following. Quick Review

29. Lesson 3 Fractures and Dislocations Muscle, Joint, and Bone Injuries Fractures and dislocations are similar. If a joint is under extreme stress, it may dislocate, or disconnect. Keep the victim still and call 911. Keep the fractured area immobilized by securing a splint to the body part with clean lengths of cloth. You can fashion a splint from everyday materials such as rolled newspapers and heavy cardboard. Seek professional medical care immediately. A fracture is a break in the bone.

30. Lesson 3 First Aid for an Unconscious Person There are different levels of unconsciousness, ranging from drowsiness to coma. An unconscious victim can choke to death because of his or her inability to cough, clear the throat, or react to a blocked airway. The primary goal when providing first aid to an unconscious victim is to prevent choking until professional medical help arrives. Place the victim in the recovery position and seek professional medical help immediately. Unconsciousness Unconsciousness is a condition in which a person is not alert and aware of his or her surroundings.

31. Lesson 3 Concussion To avoid causing spinal injury, do not move an unconscious victim if you suspect a head injury or concussion. Even if there are no external signs of injury, the brain can strike the inside of the skull and be damaged. Check the person’s airway, breathing, and circulation, and get professional medical help immediately. Unconsciousness A concussion is a jarring injury to the brain that affects normal brain function. A concussion is a jarring injury to the brain that affects normal brain function.

32. Lesson 3 A. Correct! A fracture is a break in the bone. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

33. Lesson 3 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer