3. Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea D. Hardin

4. Atlas Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Elbruz Caucasus CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Block fault mountains

5. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Block fault mountains Atlas Mountains D. Hardin Barbary Coast Toubkal (13,665’) Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco Pillars of Hercules

6. Mt. Elbrus (18,642’) CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Block fault mountains Caucasus Mountains D. Hardin Black Sea Caspian Sea Prometheus Sochi

7. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Block fault mountains Elburz Mountains D. Hardin Mount Damāvand (18,602’) ZahākAži Dahāka Tehran Caspian Sea Mt. Damāvand

8. Anatolian Plateau Zagros Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Warping and folding

9. Zagros Mts. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Warping and folding D. Hardin Anatolian Plateau

10. RIFT ZONES Red Sea Gulf of Suez Sinai Peninsula Gulf of Aqaba Red Sea Arabian Peninsula D. Hardin

11. RIFT ZONES Ethiopian Highlands Afar Triangle Arabian Peninsula Great Rift Valley Red Sea Arabian Sea Tisissat Falls Blue Nile Lake Abaya Erta Al Asal Rift, Djibouti (-492’) Lake Asal Ethiopian Highlands D. Hardin

12. Jordan Valley/ Dead Sea Fault Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea North Anatolian Fault TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES D. Hardin

13. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES Jordan Valley/Dead Sea Fault African Plate Arabian Plate Jerusalem Dead Sea (-1,360’) Mount of Beatitudes Sea of Galilee Golan Heights Jordan River Salt columns

14. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES North Anatolian Fault D. Hardin Eurasian Plate Anatolian Plate BlackSea Sea of Marmara

15. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES North Anatolian Fault Izmit, Turkey earthquake November 12, 1999 Magnitude 7.2 D. Hardin

16. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES North Anatolian Fault Bosporus & Dardanelles D. Hardin Black Sea Aegean Sea Bosporus Byzantium Constantinople Istanbul Dardanelles Sea of Marmara Troy Bulgaria Greece Turkey Istanbul

17. OIL

18. Algeria Libya Saudi Arabia Kazakhstan Iran Iraq Kuwait Turkmenistan Persian Gulf Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Red Sea

19. NATO Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea STRATEGIC WATERWAYS Choke points Bosporus & Darnanelles Suez Canal Bab-el-Mandab Strait of Hormuz Crimea Black Sea Fleet

20. STRATEGIC WATERWAYS Choke points Bab al Mandeb Strait of Hormuz Strait of Malacca Suez Canal Bosporus/Dardanelles Strait of Gibraltar Panama Canal