1. Normalization What is Normalization? Normalization Levels –First Normal Form –Second Normal Form –Third Normal Formal Referential Integrity

2. What Is Normalization? Definition –process of reducing data redundancy in a relational database Process –by organizing data into tables of various Normal Forms Benefits –greater organization of database –reduction of redundant data –data consistency in database –more flexible database design –better handle on database security

3. Normal Forms Definition –way of measuring the extent to which database has been constrained (to reduce redundancy) Levels of Normalization –First Normal Form (1NF) –Second Normal Form (2NF) –Third Normal Form (3NF)

4. First Normal Form Informal Description Each record is unique All attribute values are atomic Objective of 1NF is to divide the database into tables so that each row is unique (with primary key) and each field is atomic (single item per cell) What about this? (Employees Table) lastName: Tom firstName: Smith address: 123 Apple St. city: San Francisco

5. emp_id last_name first_name middle_name address city state zip phone pager position date_hire pay_rate date_last_raise cust_id cust_name cust_address cust_city cust_state cust_zip cust_phone cust_fax order_num quantity order_date prod_id prod_descrip cost Company_Database (Examples in this section are adapted from R. Stephens & R. Plew, Teach Yourself SQL in 24 Hours, SAMS, p. 47-49)

6. emp_id last_name first_name middle_name address city state zip phone pager position position_descrip date_hire pay_rate date_last_raise cust_id cust_name cust_address cust_city cust_state cust_zip cust_phone cust_fax order_num quantity order_date prod_id prod_descrip cost Company_Database Employees emp_id last_name first_name middle_name address city state zip phone pager position position_descrip date_hire pay_rate date_last_raise Customers cust_id cust_name cust_address cust_city cust_state cust_zip cust_phone cust_fax order_num quantity order_date Products prod_id prod_descrip cost

7. Second Normal Form Informal Description All of the strictly informational attributes are attributes of the entities in the table scheme Objective of 2NF is to take the data items that are only partly dependent on primary key and forming a separate table with them What about this? (Customers Table) custID: 12345 custLName: Chew custFName: Mary orderItem: refrigerator orderQuant: 2

8. Company_Database Employees emp_id last_name first_name middle_name address city state zip phone pager position date_hire pay_rate data_last_raise Employees emp_id last_name first_name middle_name address city state zip phone pager Employee_Pays emp_id position position_descrip date_hire pay_rate date_last_raise

9. Company_Database Customers cust_id cust_name cust_address cust_city cust_state cust_zip cust_phone cust_fax order_num quantity order_date Customers cust_id cust_name cust_address cust_city cust_state cust_zip cust_phone cust_fax Orders cust_id order_num quantity order_date

10. Third Normal Form Informal Description Strictly informational attributes depends only on a primary key Objective of 3NF is to take data items in a table that are not dependent on the primary key and form a separate table with them What about this?

11. Company_Database Employee_Pays emp_id position date_hire pay_rate data_last_raise Positions pos_id position position_descrip Employee_Pays emp_id date_hire pay_rate date_last_raise

12. Quiz Normalization is the process of grouping data into logically related data into tables to reduce redundancy. (T/F) Having no duplicate or redundant data in a database, and having everything in the database normalized, is always the best way to go. (T/F) If data is in the third normal form, it is automatically in the first and second normal forms. (T/F) What is the major advantage of denormalized database versus a normalized database? What are some major disadvantages of denormalization?

13. Exercise: What Type of Relationships Do the Tables Have? Positions pos_id position position_descrip Employee_Pays pay_id date_hire pay_rate date_last_raise Orders order_num quantity order_date Customers cust_id cust_name cust_address cust_city cust_state cust_zip cust_phone cust_fax Employees emp_id last_name first_name middle_name address city state zip phone pager

14. Exercise: Normalize the following data. Take the following data and normalize it. Keep in mind that, in a real DB, there would be many more items than what is given here. Employees: Angela Smith, secretary, 317-545-65879, RR 1 Box 73, Greensburg, IN, 47890, $9.50/hour, started Jan. 22, 1996, SSN is 323149669 Jack Lee Nelson, salesman, 3334 N. Main St., Brownsburg, IN, 45687, 317-852-9901, $35,000.00/year, data started 10/28/95, SSN is 312567342 Customers: Robert’s Games & Things, 5612 Lafayette Rd., Indianapolis, IN, 46224, 317-291-7888, customer ID is 432A Reed’s Dairy Bar, 4556 W 10th St., Indianapolis, IN, 46245, 317-271-9823, customer ID is 117A CustomerOrders: Customer ID is 117A, date of last order is 2/20/1997, product ordered was napkins, and product ID is 661

15. Solutions: EmployeesCustomersOrders Ssn name street city state zip phoneNum salary hourlyRate startDate position customerID name street city state zip phoneNum orderID customerID productID productDescrip dateOrdered

16. Functional Dependency Definition –If A and B are attributes of relation R, then B is functionally dependent on A if and only if each value in R has associated with it exactly one value of B in R. –A  B ( A determines B)

17. Student(stuID, stuName, major, credit, status, SSN) stuID S1001 S1003 S1006 S1010 S1060 stuName Smith, Tom Jones, Mary Lee, Pamela Burns, Edward Jones, Mary status Sen Sen Fresh Jun Fresh Major History Math CIS Art CIS Credits 90 95 15 63 25 SSN 100429500 010124567 088520876 099320985 064624738 stuID  stuName stuID  stuName, major, credit,s status, SSN SSN  stuID, stuName, major, credits, status, SSN credits  status status  credits (Not true)

18. Classes(course#, stuID, stuName, facID, sched, room, grade) Course# ART103A ART103A ART103A CIS201A CIS201A HST205A stuID S1001 S1010 S1006 S1003 S1006 S1001 sched MWF9 MWF9 MWF9 TH10 TH10 MWF11 stuName Smith, Tom Burns, Edward Lee, Pamela Jones, Mary Lee, Pamela Smith, Tom facID F101 F101 F101 F105 F105 F202 grade A B A C course#, stuID  stuName, facID, sched, room, grade course#  facID, sched, room stuID  stuName Room H221 H221 H221 M110 M110 H221

19. Second Normal Form (2NF) A relation is 2NF if & only if it is in first normal form & all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the key Note: if R is 1NF and the key consists of a single attribute, the relation is automatically 2NF.

20. Full Functional Dependence In a relation R, attribute B or R is fully functionally dependent on an attribute or set of attributes A of R, if B is functionally dependent on A but not functionally dependent on any proper subset of A

21. Classes(course#, stuID, stuName, facID, sched, room, grade) course#, stuID  stuName, facID, sched, room, grade course#  facID, sched, room stuID  stuName  classes2(course#, stuID, grade) course(course#, facID, sched, room) students(stuID, stuName)

22. Third Normal Form (3NF) A relation R is 3NF if it is 2NF and no non- key attribute is transitively dependent on the key. Transitive dependence A  B  C stdID  credits  status

23. student(stuID, stuName, major, credit, status) stuID  credits  status stuID  status  students2(stuID, stuName, major, credits) stats(credits, status)