1. Theories of Small Group Communication
Chapter 13
Theories of Small Group Communication

2. Early Research in Group Interaction
Early work descriptive and simplistic
Phase models (phases of discussions)
Factor models (input—process—output)
More complex models of group process such as Poole’s multiple sequence model
Unitary sequence path (orientation, problem analysis, solution, and reinforcement)
Complex cyclic path (multiple problem-solution cycles)
Solution-oriented path (activity centered on solution

3. Functional Theory of Decision-Making
Gouran and Hirokawa
Concerned with factors that influence the effectiveness of group decisions
Formative Influences
Groupthink (Janis)
Interaction Process Analysis (Bales)

6. http://www. gamecareerguide

7. Functional Theory: Assumptions
Boundary conditions (p. 232, Table 13.1)
Key functions include:
Problem analysis
Establish criteria for evaluation
Generation of alternative solutions
Evaluation of Positive consequences of solutions
Evaluation of Negative consequences of solutions

8. Functional Theory:
Communication important in every functional step and leads to the predictions on p. 233, Table 13.2.
Ex: Groups characterized by higher frequencies of communication analyzing the problem/task will arrive at decisions of greater utility than groups characterized by lower frequencies.
Communication also establishes operating norms and procedures

9. Functional Theory: Tests and Critiques
Generally supported, but some functions are found to be more important (e.g., assessing negative consequences of alternative solutions)
Research critiqued for emphasis on zero-history and ad hoc groups composed of college students
Seems to be relevant only for task-related groups and task functions

10. Structurational Approaches
Recall Structuration from Chapter 12.
Duality of structure – action and structure are intertwined
Reflexivity of human agents
Systems and institutions are enacted across time and space, through a variety of modalities
Modalities: Forms of “knowledgeability”
Operate at different levels (action, structure, institution)
Modalities “interpenetrate” by “mediating” or contradicting one another

11. Structuration of Group Arguments
Links two traditions:
cognitive-informational: Argument as individual thoughts (cognitions) that group members present to each other
social-interactional perspective: Argument is a language game (collaboratively produced in interaction) with rules and institutions

12. Adaptive Structuration Theory
Uses technology to study group processes
GDSS (group decision support system)
Technology:
facilitates anonymous communication
equalizes participation
removes undue influence of particular group members

13. Adaptive Structuration Theory
Appropriation: Group members adapt the structural features of the technology to their own group purposes
Faithful appropriation (consistent with spirit of tech.) vs. ironic appropriation (contrary to intended use)
There are a variety of possible “appropriation moves” (Table 13.4)

14. Symbolic Convergence Theory: Key Concepts
Fantasy theme: A “dramatizing message” that ignites group interaction. (e.g., joke or story)
Fantasy chain: When group members “pick up” (add to) on a dramatizing message
Group fantasy (fantasy theme): Once “chaining out” has occurred, a sense of community & shared identities emerge

15. Symbolic Convergence Theory: Key Concepts (cont.)
Fantasy type: Fantasies become linked with each other in group interaction, forming a prototype
Rhetorical vision: Fantasy types become linked at a more abstract or cultural level collection of fantasies (Master Analogues)
Righteous (right/wrong; moral/immoral)
Social (humanity, community, caring)
Pragmatic (effective, efficient, utility)

16. Bona Fide Groups
The theories considered in this chapter have been critiqued on several grounds
Often task-related groups
Often zero-history groups (studies often use university students to constitute the groups)
Theorists have proposed a new approach: The bona fide group perspective (e.g., church & community groups)

17. Characteristics of Bona Fide Groups
Bona fide groups have shifting members and permeable boundaries
As a result, individuals within bona fide groups must deal with multiple group memberships
Bona fide groups are highly interdependent with their context
Embedded within larger organizational and institutional systems

18. 12 angry men: http://www. youtube. com/watch
Proexample (exercise):
Reality show group discussion?

19. Questions for Reflection
What is the typical zero history or ad hoc group among college students?
Based on what you learned in this chapter about small groups, is the classroom a small group?
If some are and some are not, what makes them different?
Can you think of any fantasy themes (e.g., joke or story) that have emerged in your social groups or classrooms?