1. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:North America Before Columbus Section 2:Section 2:Europe Begins to Explore Section 3:Section 3:Founding the Thirteen Colonies Section 4:Section 4:Economics, Trade, and Rebellion Section 5:Section 5:A Diverse Society Visual Summary

2. Chapter Intro Why Do People Migrate to New Lands? Europeans began leaving their continent in the 1500s to settle in the Americas. Their colonies reflected the values and traditions of their homelands, but they were also shaped by the geography of the new land they settled. Why do you think Europeans came to America? How might the location of a colony affect its development?

3. Chapter Timeline

5. Chapter Intro 1 North America Before Columbus How did regional geography affect the development of Native American cultures?

6. Chapter Intro 2 Europe Begins to Explore How did advancements during the Renaissance lead to European exploration?

7. Chapter Intro 3 Founding the Thirteen Colonies What were the main causes of English settlement in North America?

8. Chapter Intro 4 Economics, Trade, and Rebellion How did development of the English colonies form distinct regions?

9. Chapter Intro 5 A Diverse Society What contributed to the diversity of the thirteen English colonies?

10. Section 1-Main Idea Big Ideas Geography and History Native American groups developed cultures based on the geography of the region in which they lived.

11. Section 1 Mesoamerican Cultures An agricultural revolution led to the first civilizations in Mesoamerica, whose people built large, elaborate cities.

12. Section 1 Western Cultures Depending on their local environment, the Native Americans of western North America pursued agriculture, fishing, and hunting.

13. Section 1 Mississippian Culture and Its Descendants Along the Mississippi River, Native Americans built Cahokia and other large cities, while those on the Great Plains hunted buffalo herds.

14. Section 1 Northeastern Peoples Most Eastern Woodlands peoples spoke Algonquian or Iroquoian languages; combined hunting, fishing, and farming; and lived in small villages.

15. Section 2-Main Idea Big Ideas Science and Technology The Renaissance brought about a scientific revolution that enabled Europeans to explore the world.

16. Section 2 African Cultures Three great empires arose in West Africa and prospered from the gold trade.

17. Section 2 Three West African empires prospered from trade of gold and salt: –the empire of Ghana –the empire of Mali –the empire of Songhai African Cultures (cont.) Portuguese Exploration and African Empires, c. 1450

18. Section 2 Slavery existed within African society. Arab traders, as well as Europeans, brought slaves back from Africa. African Cultures (cont.)

19. Section 2 Exploring America Spain led in the early European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

20. Section 2 Christopher Columbus sailed for India in 1492 but landed in the Bahamas. In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci landed in a place that is now named after him—America. Exploring America (cont.)

21. Section 2 New Spain After defeating the Aztec Empire, the Spanish established the colony of New Spain.

22. Section 2 New France France claimed a vast territory in North America, but its colony had a small French population.

23. Section 3 England’s First Colonies While Spain was establishing an overseas empire in the 1500s, England was distracted by problems at home.

24. VS 1 Causes of European Exploration The Crusades broaden European horizons and stimulate interest in luxury goods from Asia. The rise of towns and the growth of the merchant class enrich monarchs and make them less dependent on the nobility. Monarchs want to find trade routes to Asia, by passing Italy and the Muslim states. The Renaissance promotes a scientific view of the world. New technologies like the compass and astrolabe make sea exploration possible.

25. VS 2 Causes of English Colonization The wealth Spain acquired from conquering the Aztec and mining gold encourages others to consider creating colonies. The Protestant Reformation in England leads to the rise of Puritans who are persecuted by the English government, as are Catholics and others who disagree with the Anglican Church. Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters, such as the Quakers, seek religious freedom by migrating to America. The growth of trade and the rising demand for English wool leads to landowners evicting peasants so as to raise sheep. Some of the peasants migrate to America to escape poverty and obtain land.

26. VS 3 Effects of European Colonization Europeans explore West Africa; they begin enslaving Africans and forcing them to work on sugarcane plantations. European explorers land in the Americas, map the eastern coastline, and begin exploring the interior. Beginning with Cortés, Spanish conquistadors conquer Mexico, Peru, and the Maya people of Central America.

27. VS 4 Effects of European Colonization An exchange of plants, animals, goods, and ideas begins between Europe and the Americas; European diseases devastate Native American populations; American diseases spread to Europe. Spain establishes colonies in the Caribbean; France establishes colonies along the St. Lawrence River; England establishes colonies along the east coast, from Massachusetts to Georgia.

28. VS 5 Effects of European Colonization Cash crops, such as rice, tobacco, and sugarcane, allow Southern Colonies to flourish; they also lead to the rise of the slave trade. Triangular trade allows northern American colonies to prosper and leads to the rise of cities along the American East Coast.

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41. Why It Matters Trans