1. Developing a Systematic Review Fiona Morgan

3. STEP 1 Develop a protocol

4. Focused question PICO/PECO Population/Problem Intervention or Exposure Comparator/Control Outcome(s)

5. And… Study design Languages Publication status Years

6. STEP 2 Search the Literature

7. Search the Literature Search a range of relevant databases –Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Cinahl, Web of Knowledge, ASSIA, PsycINFO, Childdata, Ageline, Social Care Online, Scopus Report search terms used –Indexed terms and keywords Sufficient range of years

8. Search the literature Snowballing Key journals –Hand/e-TOCs searching Unpublished research –Experts/Manufacturers/Trial registers Non-journal literature –Websites Reference lists

9. STEP 3 Select studies for Inclusion

10. STEP 4 Quality assessment/ Risk of bias

11. Included studies A priori inclusion criteria –Identified in protocol Selection –Title and abstract –Full text Independently in duplicate –Reduction of error and bias Checklist/form

12. Quality Assessment Identify best available evidence Detect risk of bias Completed independently in duplicate –Reduces error and bias Tools –Critical appraisal checklists –Cochrane risk of bias

13. STEP 5 Data extraction

14. Develop and test form Clear process Confirmed understanding Process: Independently in duplicate –Reduces error and bias

15. STEP 6 Meta- analysis or narrative synthesis

16. Meta-analysis? Needs statistician input –Specify proposed methods in protocol Heterogeneity –How significant? Narrative synthesis

17. Step 7 Present findings

18. Balanced and impartial summary Interpret the results Contextualise Identify limitations And… disseminate findings

19. Useful Resources

20. Available via Cardiff University resources as an e-Book

21. Available online http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/