1. Mesoscale Features of the 31 January 2011 Oklahoma Storm Jennifer Newman School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma

2. Event Overview From 31 January to 1 February 2011, regions of thunder-sleet, freezing rain, and snow moved through Oklahoma >100 car accidents Close to 500 motorists stranded 4 fatalities

3. Mesoscale Features Convective activity persisted in Oklahoma, despite the fact that the atmosphere was extremely stable  CSI? Bands of snow formed in SW OK and moved through Oklahoma during the early morning of 1 February. Located ≈100 km apart  Ducted gravity waves?

4. Beginning of Event: Overnight Convection Stations in Oklahoma reported thundershowers, lightning, freezing rain, and ice pellets 0300 UTC (10 pm LT) 0.5° reflectivity

5. Beginning of Event: Overnight Convection 0300 UTC mesoanalysis indicated no MLCAPE in Oklahoma Possible explanation: Conditional Symmetric Instability (CSI) MLCAPE (contoured) and CIN (shaded)

6. Background: CSI

8. Evaluation for CSI Vertical cross-section was taken using soundings oriented along a SW-NE line. Soundings used: 00Z and 12Z 1 February 2011

9. CSI Cross-section: 00Z Purple lines: θ e Blue lines: m g

10. CSI Cross-section: 00Z Purple lines: θ e Blue lines: m g CSI possible

11. CSI Cross-section: 12Z Purple lines: θ e Blue lines: m g

12. CSI: Brief Conclusions

13. Background: Gravity Waves Waves are created when a boundary between materials of different densities is perturbed -Pressure oscillations -Shifts in wind speed and direction -Vertical motion can modulate or induce precipitation Reference: Bosart, L. F. and F. Sanders, 1986: Mesoscale structure in the Megalopolitan Snowstorm, 11–12 February 1983. Part III: A large-amplitude gravity wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 924–939.

14. Background: Ducted Gravity Waves If a stable layer is located underneath a convectively unstable layer, gravity wave energy can be reflected and remain in the lower layer (Lindzen and Tung 1976) Reference: Lindzen, R. S. and K.-K. Tung, 1976: Banded convective activity and ducted gravity waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1602–1617.

15. Observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet Mesonet consists of over 100 surface observation stations across the state of Oklahoma Jointly operated by OU and Oklahoma State University Reports surface variables (temperature, wind speed, pressure, etc. every 5 min

16. Mesonet Observations of Gravity Wave Observed at all stations enclosed in red circles Data from stations in blue circles shown on next slide

17. Mesonet Data: Pressure Oscillations Phase speed: 28.9 m s -1 Wavelength: 200 km Sea-Level Pressure Time Series Pressure drop of ≈ 2-3 mb in approx. 40 minutes

18. Ninnekah Mesonet Station Sea-Level Pressure and 10-m Wind Time Series

19. KTLX Radar: 1200 UTC 0.5° Reflectivity

20. KTLX Radar: 1230 UTC 0.5° Reflectivity

21. KTLX Radar: 1300 UTC 0.5° Reflectivity

22. KTLX Radar: 1330 UTC 0.5° Reflectivity

23. KTLX Radar: 1400 UTC 0.5° Reflectivity

24. Mesonet vs. Radar Observations Lowest pressure occurred just ahead of precip. band (area of rising motion) From conceptual model: Greatest rising motion should occur halfway between pressure ridge and trough Possible that speed of precip. bands was different than phase speed of gravity wave Wavelength of gravity wave based on pressure fluctuations was different than wavelength of precip. bands  also suggests propagation speeds were different

25. Phase Speed Calculations Reference: Lindzen, R. S. and K.-K. Tung, 1976: Banded convective activity and ducted gravity waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1602–1617.

26. Phase Speed Calculations

27. Stable layer Unstable layer

28. Phase Speed Calculations Stable layer Unstable layer

29. Summary and Conclusions Several mesoscale features were evident from radar and satellite imagery during the Oklahoma storm of 31 January – 1 February 2011 Based on observed soundings, CSI was possible at low levels over Norman at 00Z 1 February - There were likely other processes occurring (frontogenesis, vorticity advection) that enhanced convection - Difficult to isolate effects of CSI Snow bands on 1 February appear to be associated with a gravity wave, which was observed at the surface in great detail Theoretical gravity wave phase speed agrees well with timing of pressure oscillations