1. Emotion Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin CHAPTER 12: Emotion 4/12/2017
Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D.
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CHAPTER 12:
Emotion
©2001 Prentice Hall

2. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
Emotion
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The Physiological Component
The Expressive Component
The Cognitive Component
Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together
Chapter outline
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

3. Emotion Three Components of Emotion
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Emotion Three Components of Emotion
Emotion
A feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and a cognitive interpretation.
Figure 9.1 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

4. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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The Physiological Component A Historical Perspective James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotion arises from physiological arousal
Happiness comes from smiling
Sadness comes from crying
Figure 9.2 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

5. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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The Physiological Component A Historical Perspective Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion originates in the thalamus
“Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same time
Figure 9.3 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

6. The Physiological Component Brain Centers of Emotion
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The Physiological Component Brain Centers of Emotion
Limbic System
The Amygdala is highly involved in fear responses
Cerebral Cortex
Left hemisphere associated with positive emotions; right with negative emotions
Figure 9.4 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., Wheeler, R. E., & Doss, R. C. (1992). Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62,
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

7. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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The Physiological Component Generalized Autonomic Arousal The Autonomic Nervous System
“Fight or Flight”
Restore Calm
Figure 9.5 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

8. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
4/12/2017
The Physiological Component Specific Patterns of Arousal Polygraph Tests
Polygraph
Records multiple channels of autonomic arousal and is often used as a lie-detector test.
Scientific opinion is split regarding whether the polygraph works.
Figure 9.6 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

9. The Expressive Component Common Email “Emoticons”
Emotion
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The Expressive Component Common “Emoticons”
Figure 9.7 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

10. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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The Expressive Component Nonverbal Communication How Well do People Identify Emotions?
Figure 9.7 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

11. The Expressive Component Nonverbal Communication The Facial EMG
Emotion
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The Expressive Component Nonverbal Communication The Facial EMG
Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles.
Positive emotions increase activity in cheeks.
Negative emotions increase activity in forehead and brow areas.
Figure 9.8 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Cacioppo & Petty (1981).
Electromyograph (EMG)
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

12. The Expressive Component Sensory Feedback
Emotion
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The Expressive Component Sensory Feedback
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can produce corresponding changes in emotion
Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds.
Making some sounds - “ah” and “e” - caused smiling and elevated mood.
Making other sounds - “u” and “ü” - caused frowning and lowered mood.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

13. The Cognitive Component Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
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The Cognitive Component Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal
Sweaty palms
Increased heart rate
Rapid breathing
Cognitive Label
Attribute source of arousal to a cause.
To have an emotion, both factors are required.
Figure 9.9 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Schachter, S. (1964). The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, New York: Academic Press.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

14. The Cognitive Component Dimensions of Appraisal
Emotion
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The Cognitive Component Dimensions of Appraisal
Cognitive dimensions closely linked to emotion:
Pleasantness: Is event enjoyable?
Attention: Is one focused on event?
Agency: Does one believe he/she is in control?
Certainty: How clear is situation and is outcome predictable?
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

15. The Cognitive Component Counterfactual Thinking
Emotion
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The Cognitive Component Counterfactual Thinking
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not
Wondering “What if…?”
More likely in response to negative events
More likely when one is close to the other outcome (e.g., a lottery ticket with 4/5 winning numbers, a silver medalist, etc.)
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

16. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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The Cognitive Component Is Cognition Necessary? Pathway of Fear Without “Thought”
Sensation of threat can reach the amygdala via direct path from thalamus
The fast “low road”
Sensation of threat also travels from the thalamus to the cortex
The slow “high road”
Cortical judgment can override direct path
Figure 9.10 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
LeDoux, J.E. (1996). The emotional brain: The myserious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

17. The Cognitive Component Can People Predict Their Emotional States?
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The Cognitive Component Can People Predict Their Emotional States?
Affective Forecasting
The process by which people predict how they would feel in the future, after various positive and negative events
People have difficulty predicting their emotions in response to future events.
People overestimate the duration of their emotional reactions (durability bias).
Section outline
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

18. Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Russell's Circumplex Model
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Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Russell's Circumplex Model
Which emotions are universal, felt in all cultures?
Fear, anger, joy, disgust, surprise, and sadness
Russell identified two main dimensions of emotion
Emotions can be sorted according to these dimensions in several cultures
Figure 9.11 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39,
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

19. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Dynamics of Emotion Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
Every primary emotional state triggers its opposite, opponent state.
A positive emotional state is followed by a negative state, and vice versa.
Emotional experience is balanced over time.
Figure 9.12 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Solomon, R. L. (1980).The opponent-process theory of motivation. American Psychologist, 35,
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

20. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Are There Gender Differences in Emotion?
Little support exists that the sexes differ in their actual feelings in response to similar events.
However, there are differences in the public display of emotion.
Women are more expressive than men are.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

21. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Are There Cultural Differences in Emotion?
Some aspects of emotion seem universal.
However, cultures affect the categorization of emotions and the display rules that govern when and where emotions can be expressed.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

22. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness
Three predictive indicators of happiness are:
Social relationships
Employment
Physical health
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

23. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness National Happiness Ratings
The happiness scale : very happy (4), quite happy (3), not very happy (2), or not at all happy (1).
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

24. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness National Wealth and Happiness
Over a 40-year period, Americans became over twice as wealthy, but no happier.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

25. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Emotion
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Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness
Social-Comparison Theory
The theory that people evaluate themselves by making comparisons with others
Adaptation-Level Theory
The theory that people evaluate experiences in relation to current levels to which they have become accustomed
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

26. Emotion
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©2001 Prentice Hall