1. Conceptual Physical Science 5th Edition Chapter 5: FLUID MECHANICS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. This lecture will help you understand:
Density
Pressure
Buoyancy in a Liquid
Archimedes’ Principle
Pressure in a Gas
Atmospheric Pressure
Pascal’s Principle
Buoyancy in a Gas
Bernoulli’s Principle

3. Density
Density
Important property of materials (solids, liquids, gases)
Measure of compactness of how much mass an object occupies
“lightness” or “heaviness” of materials of the same size

4. Density Equation : Units of: mass in grams or kilograms
volume in cm3 or m3
density in kg/m3 or g/cm3
Example: The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3, so mercury has times as much mass as an equal volume of water (density 1 g/cm3).

5. Density Weight density in equation form:
often expressed in pounds per cubic foot
example: density of salt water is 64 lb/ft3, more dense than fresh water (density 62.4 lb/ft3)

6. Which of these has the greatest density?
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these has the greatest density?
A. 100 kg of lead
100 kg of water
Both are the same
None of the above
A kg of lead.

7. Which of these has the greatest density?
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these has the greatest density?
A. 100 kg of lead
100 kg of water
Both are the same
None of the above
Explanation:
They have the same mass and weight, but different volumes. Any amount of lead is more dense than any amount of water.
A kg of lead.

8. Pressure force per unit area that one object exerts on another
equation:
depends on area over which force is distributed
units in lb/ft2, N/m2, or Pa (Pascals)

9. Pressure in a Liquid
Force per unit area that a liquid exerts on something
Depth dependent and not volume dependent
Example: Swim twice as deep and the pressure due to the weight of water above you is twice as much. (For total pressure, add to this the atmospheric pressure acting on the water surface.)

10. Pressure in a Liquid Effects of water pressure
acts perpendicular to surfaces of a container
liquid spurts at right angles from a hole in the surface curving downward
The greater the depth, the greater the exiting speed

11. Pressure in a Liquid Acts equally in all directions Examples:
your ears feel the same amount of pressure under water no matter how you tip your head
bottom of a boat is pushed upward by water pressure
pressure acts upward when pushing a beach ball under water

12. Pressure in a Liquid Independent of shape of container
whatever the shape of a container, pressure at any particular depth is the same
Equation:

13. Water Tower
Force of gravity acting on the water in a tall tower produces pressure in pipes below that supply many homes with reliable water pressure.

14. Pressure CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Suppose water from a tall tower supplies a nearby home. If water faucets upstairs and downstairs are turned fully on, will more water per second flow from the downstairs or the upstairs faucet? Or will water flow in each be the same?
A. Downstairs.
Upstairs.
Same.
Not enough information in problem.
A. Downstairs

15. Pressure CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Suppose water from a tall tower supplies a nearby home. If water faucets upstairs and downstairs are turned fully on, will more water per second flow from the downstairs or the upstairs faucet? Or will water flow in each be the same?
A. Downstairs
Upstairs
Same
Not enough information in problem.
Explanation:
Water pressure depends on the depth below the free surface. Downstairs faucets are simply “deeper” and receive greater pressure, which means greater rate of water flow.
A. Downstairs

16. Pressure CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Does a 3-meter deep lake or a 6-meter deep small pond exert more pressure on a dam?
A. The three-meter deep lake.
The six-meter deep small pond.
Same amount of pressure is exerted (atmospheric) so same force.
Not enough information given in the question.
B. The six-meter deep small pond.

17. Pressure CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Does a 3-meter deep lake or a 6-meter deep small pond exert more pressure on a dam?
A. The three-meter deep lake.
The six-meter deep small pond.
Same amount of pressure is exerted (atmospheric) so same force.
Not enough information given in the question.
B. The six-meter deep small pond.

18. Buoyancy in a Liquid Buoyancy
apparent loss of weight of a submerged object
amount equals the weight of water displaced

19. Archimedes’ Principle
discovered by Greek scientist Archimedes
relates buoyancy to displaced liquid
states that an immersed body (completely or partially) is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
applies to gases and liquids

20. Archimedes’ Principle
Apparent weight of a submerged object
weight out of water – buoyant force
Example: if a 3-kg block submerged in water apparently “weighs” 1 kg, then the buoyant force or weight of water displaced is 2 kg
(BF = wt out of water – apparent wt = 3 kg – 1 kg = 2 kg)

21. Archimedes’ Principle
Displacement rule:
A completely submerged object always displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume.
Example: Place a stone in a container that is brim- full of water, and the amount of water overflow equals the volume of the stone

22. Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced. It can also be understood by pressure differences.
The greater pressure against the bottom of the box, minus the pressure on the top, results in an upward force—the buoyant force.

23. Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant Force
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
Understood by pressure differences
greater pressure against the box – pressure on the top of box

24. Archimedes’ Principle
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
On which of these blocks submerged in water is the buoyant force greatest?
A. 1 kg of lead.
1 kg of aluminum.
1 kg of uranium.
All the same.
B. 1 kg of aluminum.

25. Archimedes’ Principle
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
On which of these blocks submerged in water is the buoyant force greatest?
A. 1 kg of lead.
1 kg of aluminum.
1 kg of uranium.
All the same.
Explanation:
The largest block is the aluminum one. It displaces more water and therefore experiences the greatest buoyant force.
B. 1 kg of aluminum.

26. Archimedes’ Principle
Flotation
Principle of flotation
A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight
Example: A solid iron 1-ton block may displace 1/8 ton of water and sink. The same 1 ton of iron in a bowl shape displaces a greater volume of water—the greater buoyant force allows it to float

27. Archimedes’ Principle
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The reason a person finds it easier to float in salt water, compared with fresh water, is that in salt water
A. the buoyant force is greater.
a person feels less heavy.
a smaller volume of water is displaced.
None of the above.
C. a smaller volume of water is displaced.

28. Archimedes’ Principle
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
The reason a person finds it easier to float in salt water, compared with fresh water, is that in salt water
A. the buoyant force is greater.
a person feels less heavy.
a smaller volume of water is displaced.
None of the above.
Explanation:
A floating person has the same buoyant force whatever the density of water. A person floats higher because a smaller volume of the denser salt water is displaced.
C. a smaller volume of water is displaced.

29. Archimedes’ Principle
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
On a boat ride, the skipper gives you a life preserver filled with lead pellets. When he sees the skeptical look on your face, he says that you’ll experience a greater buoyant force if you fall overboard than your friends who wear Styrofoam-filled preservers.
A. He apparently doesn’t know his physics.
He is correct.
B. He is correct.

30. Archimedes’ Principle
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
On a boat ride, the skipper gives you a life preserver filled with lead pellets. When he sees the skeptical look on your face, he says that you’ll experience a greater buoyant force if you fall overboard than your friends who wear Styrofoam-filled preservers.
A. He apparently doesn’t know his physics.
He is correct.
Explanation:
He’s correct, but what he doesn’t tell you is you’ll drown! Your life preserver will submerge and displace more water than those of your friends who float at the surface. Although the buoyant force on you will be greater, the net force downward is greater still!
B. He is correct.

31. Pressure in a Gas
The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland illustrates Figure 5.17 in your book. Each of the two caissons weigh the same regardless of the weights of floating boats they carry.

32. Pressure in a Gas
Gas pressure is a measure of the amount of force per area that a gas exerts against containing walls.
Here the force is exerted by the motion of molecules bouncing around.
Temperature is a measure of the KE per molecules of the gas.

33. Pressure in a Gas Relationship between pressure and density
Gas pressure is proportional to density
Example:
Air pressure and air density inside an inflated tire are greater than the atmospheric pressure and density outside
Twice as many molecules in the same volume  air density doubled
For molecules moving at the same speed (same temperature), collisions are doubled  pressure doubled

34. Pressure in a Gas Double density of air by Doubling the amount of air
Decreasing the volume to half

35. Pressure in a Gas Boyle’s Law
Relationship between pressure and volume for ideal gases
An ideal gas is one in which intermolecular forces play no role
States that pressure volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas regardless of changes in pressure or volume (with temperature remaining unchanged)
pressure volume = constant means that P1V1 = P2V2

36. Pressure in a Gas CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When you squeeze a party balloon to 0.8 its volume, the pressure in the balloon
A. is 0.8 its former pressure.
remains the same if you squeeze it slowly.
is 1.25 times greater.
is 8 times greater.
C. is 1.25 times greater.

37. Pressure in a Gas CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When you squeeze a party balloon to 0.8 its volume, the pressure in the balloon
A. is 0.8 its former pressure.
remains the same if you squeeze it slowly.
is 1.25 times greater.
is 8 times greater.
Explanation:
Boyle’s law, sweet and simple: P(1.0 V) = 1.25 P(0.8 V).
C. is 1.25 times greater.

38. Earth’s Atmosphere Atmosphere ocean of air exerts pressure
The Magdeburg-hemispheres demonstration in 1654 by Otto von Guericke showed the large magnitude of atmosphere’s pressure.

39. Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure Caused by weight of air
Varies from one locality to another
Not uniform
Measurements are used to predict weather conditions

40. Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure exerted against bodies immersed in the atmosphere result from the weight of air pressing from above
At sea level is 101 kilopascals (101 kPa)
Weight of air pressing down on 1 m2 at sea level ~ 100,000 N, so atmospheric pressure is ~ 105 N/m2

41. Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure at the bottom of a column of air reaching to the top of the atmosphere is the same as the pressure at the bottom of a column of water 10.3 m high.
Consequence: the highest the atmosphere can push water up into a vacuum pump is 10.3 m
Mechanical pumps that don’t depend on atmospheric pressure don’t have the 10.3-m limit

42. Mechanical Pump
When the piston is lifted, the intake valve opens and air moves in to fill the empty space.
When the piston is moved downward, the outlet valve opens and the air is pushed out.

43. Barometers Barometer Aneroid barometer
Device to measure atmospheric pressure
Also determines elevation
Aneroid barometer
Small portable instrument that measures
atmospheric pressure
Calibrated for altitude, then an altimeter

44. Atmospheric pressure is caused by the
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the
A. density of Earth’s atmosphere.
weight of Earth’s atmosphere.
temperature of the atmosphere.
effect of the Sun’s energy on the atmosphere.
B. weight of Earth’s atmosphere.

45. Atmospheric pressure is caused by the
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the
A. density of Earth’s atmosphere.
weight of Earth’s atmosphere.
temperature of the atmosphere.
effect of the Sun’s energy on the atmosphere.
B. weight of Earth’s atmosphere.

46. Atmospheric Pressure CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Two people are drinking soda using straws. Do they suck the soda up? Could they drink a soda this way on the Moon?
A. Yes and yes.
No, they suck the air out and the atmospheric pressure pushes the soda up. Yes, they could do the same thing on the Moon.
No, they reduce air pressure in the straw and the atmospheric pressure pushes the soda up. No, they could not do the same thing on the Moon.
Yes. No, they could not do the same thing on the Moon.
C. No, they reduce air pressure in the straw and the atmospheric pressure pushes the soda up. No, they could not do the same thing on the Moon.

47. The Moon does not have an atmosphere.
Atmospheric Pressure
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Two people are drinking soda using straws. Do they suck the soda up? Could they drink a soda this way on the moon?
A. Yes and yes.
No, they suck the air out and the atmospheric pressure pushes the soda up. Yes, they could do the same thing on the Moon.
No, they reduce air pressure in the straw and the atmospheric pressure pushes the soda up. No, they could not do the same thing on the Moon.
Yes. No, they could not do the same thing on the Moon.
C. No, they reduce air pressure in the straw and the atmospheric pressure pushes the soda up. No, they could not do the same thing on the Moon.
The Moon does not have an atmosphere.

48. Pascal’s Principle Pascal’s principle
Discovered by Blaise Pascal, a scientist and theologian in the 17th century
States that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid
Applies to all fluids—gases and liquids

49. Pascal’s Principle Example: Application in hydraulic press
Pressure applied to the left piston is transmitted to the right piston
A 10-kg load on small piston (left) lifts a load of 500 kg on large piston (right)

50. Pascal’s Principle CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A 10-kg load on the left piston will support a 500-kg load on the right piston. How does the pressure of fluid against the lower part of the left piston compare with the pressure against the lower right piston?
A. More pressure on the left piston.
More pressure on the right piston.
Same pressure on each.
Same force on each.
C. Same pressure on each.

51. Pascal’s Principle CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A 10-kg load on the left piston will support a 500-kg load on the right piston. How does the pressure of fluid against the lower part of the left piston compare with the pressure against the lower right piston?
A. More pressure on the left piston.
More pressure on the right piston.
Same pressure on each.
Same force on each.
C. Same pressure on each.

52. Pascal’s Principle
Since the pressure in the fluid is the same at both ends of the tube, one can cleverly change the force and area to mechanically multiply each.
This principle underlies a lot!

53. Pascal’s Principle Application for gases and liquids
seen in everyday hydraulic devices used in construction
in auto lifts in service stations
increased air pressure produced by an air compressor is transmitted through the air to the
surface of oil in an
underground reservoir.
The oil transmits the
pressure to the piston,
which lifts the auto.
(Here surface area of
reservoir is irrelevant.)

54. In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the
Pascal’s Principle
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the
A. output piston to move farther than the input piston.
force output to exceed the force input.
output piston’s speed to exceed the input piston’s speed.
energy output to exceed energy input.
D. energy output to exceed energy input.

55. In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the
Pascal’s Principle
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the
A. output piston to move farther than the input piston.
force output to exceed the force input.
output piston’s speed to exceed the input piston’s speed.
energy output to exceed energy input.
Explanation:
This illustrates the conservation of energy, a cornerstone of all of science.
D. energy output to exceed energy input.

56. Buoyancy in a Gas
Archimedes’ principle applies to fluids—liquids and gases alike.
Force of air on bottom of balloon is greater than force on top.
Net horizontal forces cancel, but not vertical ones, which supplies the buoyant force.
And this buoyant force equals the weight of displaced air!

57. Buoyant Force CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Is there a buoyant force acting on your classmates at this moment? Defend your answer.
A. No. If there were, they would float upward.
Yes, but it is insignificant compared with their weights.
Only in water, but not in air.
None of these.
B. Yes, but it is insignificant compared with their weights.

58. Buoyant Force CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Is there a buoyant force acting on your classmates at this moment? Defend your answer.
A. No. If there were, they would float upward.
Yes, but it is insignificant compared with their weights.
Only in water, but not in air.
None of these.
B. Yes, but it is insignificant compared with their weights.

59. Fluid Flow Continuous flow
Volume of fluid that flows past any cross-section of a pipe in a given time is the same as that flowing past any other section of the pipe even if the pipe widens or narrows.
Fluid speeds up when it flows from a wide to narrow pipe
Motion of fluid follows imaginary streamlines

60. Bernoulli’s Principle
Discovered by Daniel Bernoulli, a 15th century Swiss scientist
States that where the speed of a fluid increases, internal pressure in the fluid decreases
Applies to a smooth, steady flow

61. Bernoulli’s Principle
Streamlines
Thin lines representing fluid motion
Closer together, flow speed is greater and pressure within the fluid is less (note the larger bubbles!)
Wider, flow speed is less and pressure within the fluid is greater (greater pressure squeezes bubbles smaller)

62. Bernoulli’s Principle
Laminar flow
Smooth steady flow of constant density fluid
Turbulent flow
Flow speed above a critical point becomes chaotic

63. Bernoulli’s Principle
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
What happens to the internal water pressure in a narrowing pipe of moving water?
A. Pressure is higher.
Pressure remains unchanged.
Pressure is less.
None of these.
C. Pressure is less.

64. Bernoulli’s Principle
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
What happens to the internal water pressure in a narrowing pipe of moving water?
A. Pressure is higher.
Pressure remains unchanged.
Pressure is less.
None of these.
Explanation:
This reduction in pressure would be apparent if air bubbles were in the flowing water. Note their sizes increase in the narrow part, due to reduced pressure there!
C. Pressure is less.

65. Applications of Bernoulli
Moving air gains speed above the roof of a house. This change in air velocity means reduced pressure on the roof.
Therefore, air pressure inside the house is greater, which can raise the roof.

66. Bernoulli Application
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The pressure in a stream of water is reduced as the stream speeds up. How then can a stream of water from a fire hose actually knock a person off his or her feet?
A. It can’t, as Bernoulli’s principle illustrates.
The pressure due to water’s change in momentum can be much greater than the water’s internal pressure.
Bernoulli’s principle works only for laminar flow, which the stream is not.
None of the above.
B. The pressure due to water’s change in momentum can be much greater than the water’s internal pressure

67. Bernoulli Application
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
The pressure in a stream of water is reduced as the stream speeds up. How then can a stream of water from a fire hose actually knock a person off his or her feet?
A. It can’t, as Bernoulli’s principle illustrates.
The pressure due to water’s change in momentum can be much greater than the water’s internal pressure.
Bernoulli’s principle works only for laminar flow, which the stream is not.
None of the above
Explanation:
There’s a basic distinction between the pressure within flowing water and the pressure it can exert when its momentum is changed. The pressure that knocks one off his or her feet is due to the change in the water’s momentum, not the pressure within the water.
B. The pressure due to water’s change in momentum can be much greater than the water’s internal pressure.

68. Airplane wing
The vertical vector represents the net upward force (lift) that results from more air pressure below the wing than above the wing.
The horizontal vector represents the air drag force.

69. Bernoulli Application
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Air speeds up as it is blown across the top of the vertical tube. How does this affect the air pressure in the vertical tube, and what then occurs?
A. The air jet pulls liquid up the tube.
Liquid mysteriously rises in the tube.
Reduced air pressure in the tube (due to Bernoulli) lets atmospheric pressure on the liquid surface push liquid up into the tube where it joins the jet of air in a mist.
Liquid in the vessel somehow turns to mist.
C. Reduced air pressure in the tube (due to Bernoulli) lets atmospheric pressure on the liquid surface push liquid up into the tube where it joins the jet of air in a mist.

70. Bernoulli Application
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Air speeds up as it is blown across the top of the vertical tube. How does this affect the air pressure in the vertical tube, and what then occurs?
A. The air jet pulls liquid up the tube.
Liquid mysteriously rises in the tube.
Reduced air pressure in the tube (due to Bernoulli) lets atmospheric pressure on the liquid surface push liquid up into the tube where it joins the jet of air in a mist.
Liquid in the vessel somehow turns to mist.
C. Reduced air pressure in the tube (due to Bernoulli) lets atmospheric pressure on the liquid surface push liquid up into the tube where it joins the jet of air in a mist.

71. Bernoulli Boats
When the speed of water increases between boats, Bernoulli must be compensated for or else the boats collide!

72. Bernoulli Umbrella
Why does Nellie Newton blame Bernoulli for her predicament?