1. Physics 101: Lecture 8 Newton's Laws
Today’s lecture will be a review of Newton’s Laws and
the four types of forces discussed in Chapter 4.
Concepts of Mass and Force
Newton’s Three Laws
Gravitational, Normal, Frictional, Tension Forces 1

2. Sir Isaac Newton, English Physicist, 1643-1727

3. Newton’s First Law
The motion of an object does not change unless it is acted upon by a net force.
If v=0, it remains 0
If v is some value, it stays at that value
Another way to say the same thing:
No net force 
velocity is constant
acceleration is zero
no change of direction of motion

4. Mass or Inertia Inertia is the tendency of an object
to remain at rest or in motion with
constant speed along a straight line.
Mass (m) is the quantitative measure of inertia. Mass is the property of an object that measures how hard it is to change its motion.
Units: [M] = kg

5. Newton’s Second Law
This law tells us how motion changes when a net force is applied.
acceleration = (net force)/mass
Stimulus is Force (cause)
Resistance is mass (control rod)
Response is acceleration (effect)

6. Newton’s Second Law Units: [F] = [M] [a] A vector equation:
[F] = kg m/s2
1 Newton (N)  1 kg m/s2
A vector equation:
Fnet,x = Max
Fnet,y = May

7. Newton’s 1. Law
An airplane is flying from Buffalo airport to O'Hare. Many forces act on the plane, including weight (gravity), drag (air resistance), the trust of the engine, and the lift of the wings. At some point during its trip the velocity of the plane is measured to be constant (which means its altitude is also constant). At this time, the total (or net) force on the plane: is pointing upward 2. is pointing downward is pointing forward is pointing backward 5. is zero
lift
weight
drag
thrust
correct

8. Newton’s 1. Law
Newton's first law states that if no net force acts on an object, then the velocity of the object remains unchanged. Since at some point during the trip, the velocity is constant, then the total force on the plane must be zero, according to Newton's first law.
lift
weight
drag
thrust
SF= ma = m0 = 0

9. Example: Newton’s 2. Law M=10 kg F1=200 N Find a F1 M
a = Fnet/M = 200N/10kg = 20 m/s2 M F1
M=10 kg F1=200 N F2 = 100 N
Find a F2
a = Fnet/M = (200N-100N)/10kg = 10 m/s2

10. Newton’s Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Finger pushes on box
Ffingerbox = force exerted on box by finger
Ffingerbox
Box pushes on finger
Fboxfinger = force exerted on finger by box
Fboxfinger
Third Law:
Fboxfinger = - Ffingerbox

11. Newton's Third Law... FA ,B = - FB ,A. is true for all types of forces
Fw,m
Fm,w
Ff,m
Fm,f

12. Conceptual Question: Newton’s 3.Law
Since Fm,b = -Fb,m why isn’t Fnet = 0, and a = 0 ?
Fb,m
Fm,b
a ??
ice

13. Conceptual Question: Answer
Consider only the box !
Fnet, box = mbox abox = Fm,b
What about forces on man?
Fnet,man = mman aman = Fb,m
Fb,m
Fm,b
abox
Skateboard demo: get two students with obviously different masses.
Show that acceleration is different although force is same.
ice

14. Newton’s 2. and 3. Law Third Law! a=F/m
Suppose you are an astronaut in outer space giving a brief push to a spacecraft whose mass is bigger than your own (see Figure 4.7 in textbook).
1) Compare the magnitude of the force you exert on the spacecraft, FS, to the magnitude of the force exerted by the spacecraft on you, FA, while you are pushing: FA = FS FA > FS 3. FA < FS
Third Law!
correct
2) Compare the magnitudes of the acceleration
you experience, aA, to the magnitude of the acceleration
of the spacecraft, aS, while you are pushing:
1. aA = aS
2. aA > aS
3. aA < aS
correct
a=F/m
F same  lower mass gives larger a

15. Summary: Newton’s First Law: Newton’s Second Law: Fnet = ma
The motion of an object does not change unless it
is acted on by a net force
Newton’s Second Law:
Fnet = ma
Newton’s Third Law:
Fa,b = -Fb,a

16. Forces: 1. Gravity r12 m1 m2 F2,1 F1,2 F1,2 = force on m1 due to m2 =
Direction: along line connecting the masses; attractive
G = universal gravitation constant = x N m2/kg2
Example: two 1 kg masses separated by 1 m
Force = 6.67 x N
(very weak, but this holds the universe together!)

17.  Fg  W = mg Gravity and Weight m Re mass on surface Force on mass:Me Re
mass on surface
of Earth m
Force on mass:  g
Fg  W = mg

18. Forces: 2. Normal Force FN book at rest on table:
What are forces on book? W
Weight is downward
System is “in equilibrium” (acceleration = 0  net force = 0)
Therefore, weight balanced by another force
FN = “normal force” = force exerted by surface on object
FN is always perpendicular to surface and outward
For this example FN = W

19. Forces: 3. Kinetic FrictionFN
direction of motion fk F W
Kinetic Friction (aka Sliding Friction): A force, fk, between two surfaces that opposes relative motion.
Magnitude: fk = kFN k = coefficient of kinetic friction
a property of the two surfaces

20. Forces: 3. Static FrictionFN fs F W
Static Friction: A force, fs, between two surfaces that prevents relative motion.
fs ≤ fsmax= sFN force just before breakaway s = coefficient of static friction
a property of the two surfaces

21. Forces: 4. Tension T Tension: force exerted by a rope (or string)
Magnitude: same everywhere in rope
Not changed by pulleys
Direction: same as direction of rope.

22. Forces: 4. Tension example: box hangs from a rope attached to ceilingy
SFy = may
T - W = may
T = W + may T W
In this case ay = 0
So T = W

23. Examples: Inertia
Seat-belt mechanism (see textbook)
A man dangles his watch from a thin chain as his plane takes off. He observes that the chain makes an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the vertical while the plane accelerates on the runway for takeoff, which takes 16 s.
What is the speed of the aircraft at takeoff ?

24. Examples: Tension
A lamp of mass 4 kg is stylishly hung from the ceiling
by two wires making angles of 30 and 40 degrees. Find
the tension in the wires.

25. Examples: Consider two blocks of mass m1 and m2 respectively
tied by a string (massless). Mass m1 sits on a horizontal
frictionless table, and mass m2 hangs over a pilley. If
the system is let go, compute the aceleration and the
tension in the string.