1. Chapter 4: Section 2

2.  Machine- device that makes doing work easier ◦ They change the way a person does work, not the amount of work that needs to be done

3.  When using a machine, the output work can never be GREATER than the input work ◦ A machine cannot do more work than you put in! ◦ Law of conservation of energy ◦ Do not get work confused with force!

4.  MA = output force = Newtons input force Newtons Or: MA = F out F in The UNITS cancel out!

5.  F in = Input force- the effort, or force you exert on a machine  F out = Output force-the force exerted by the machine

6.  Changing the amount of force needed  Changing the distance the force covers  Changing the direction of the force

7. ◦ Some machines allow you to exert a smaller force over a longer distance ◦ Output force > input force, resulting in a MA > 1 ◦ Ex: a ramp Output force = 500N = 10 Input force 50N

8.  Some machines allow you to exert your force over a shorter distance  Output force < Input force, resulting in a MA < 1 ◦ Ex. A rake Output force = 10N = 0.1 Input force 100N

9.  Some machines allow you to change the direction of the input force  Output force = input force, resulting in MA = 1  Ex. pulley Output force = 50N = 1 Input force 50N

10. Efficiency = output work input work x 100% Or: Eff = Wout x 100% Win Answer will always be in a percentage!

11. W out = 4500 J W in = 7500 J Eff = _____ Eff = Wout x 100% Win Eff = 4500 J x 100% 7500 J Eff = 0.6 x 100% Eff = 60%

12.  Friction – reduces efficiency by converting some work into heat. ◦ The efficiency of a real machine is always less than 100% because of friction. ◦ Only ideal machines are 100% efficient  Oil, or another lubricant can increase efficiency by reducing the number of contact points between surfaces.