1. Idda Lyatonga Swai 18 February, 2015

2.  Introduction  Research questions  Methods  Major findings  Likely conclusion…

4.  Tanzania has ratified international treaties; ◦ The declarations of “the Beijing Platform for Action [BPA]” in 1995 ◦ The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) ◦ SADC protocol on gender and development on 17th August 2008  Article 21 of the 1977 URT Constitution recognize equal right to participate in the governance of the country.

5.  Therefore, special seats. ◦ 1995 1 5% ◦ 2000 20% ◦ 2005 30%

6. ◦ What do they do? ◦ Is there any difference?

7.  How and to what extent do women councilors (try to) exert influence in the decision making of councils? ◦ Number of attempts ◦ Issue areas and type of attempt ◦ Number of success attempts ◦ Attributes

8.  Data collection ◦ Analysis of Minutes  Number of attempts ◦ Observation ◦ Interviews  Data analysis ◦ Statistical analysis (attempts),  Cases were combined Total attempts per councilor * Council size Total attempts per council ◦ Content analysis

9.  Men councilors make more significant attempts when compared with all women  Elected women make more attempts than men but the differences is not significant  Elected councilors made more significant attempts than appointed women councilors

10. Issue areas?  No gender difference in social services. ◦ Men made more attempts than women but not sig ◦ No difference btn men and elected WC  Elected councilors made more sig attempts in permit than appointed  Elected made more sig attempts in running the government than appointed councilors ◦ But no difference btn elected and appointed WC

11.  Type of attempts?  Men made more sig attempts to initiate, support and oppose than women (all) ◦ No sig gender difference when men were compared with elected women ◦ Elected women made more attempts to initiate than men  No gender difference on the attempts to prevent

12.  Elected councilors made more sig attempts to initiate, oppose and prevent than appointed ◦ However, no difference when gender is controlled.  No status significant different on the attempts to support

13.  Status ◦ Elected councilors made more sig success attempts than appointed councilors  Gender ◦ Men councilors made more attempts than women but not sig  When status was controlled, the elected women made more success attempts than men. But, the difference was not sig

14.  Success rate? ◦ Total success attempts per councillor/total attempt per councillor  Gender ◦ Elected WC make more sig success rate attempts than men  Status ◦ Elected WC made more success rate than appointed However  No sig difference btn men and women(all) and all elected and appointed

15. Table 10.1: Determinant of success attempts of the councilors to influence decisions VariablesCodesBtSig. Gender Male0.14.99.32 Female1 Status Appointed0.312.25.03 Elected1 Leadership position Non leaders0.252.54.01 Leaders1 Political party Ruling0.02.22.83 Opposition1 Age Below 450 -.00-.01.99 Above 451 Occupation Civil servant1.161.70.09 Business1.191.86.06 AgricultureReference --- Experience Below 10 years0.11.11.27 Above 10 years1 Education Primary educationReference--- Secondary education1.02.21.83 Higher education1-.17-1.50.14

16.  Gender does not make difference on the attempts of councilors.  Status is important determinant of councilor’s attempts and successful attempts.  Other predictors of successful attempts were; ◦ Leadership position, Occupation  only Gender + status predict success rate

18.  Bedankt voor uw aandacht