1. World Bank Carbon Finance Experience, Strategy and New Funds Workshop – How to develop CDM projects in Central America, March 27-28, 2003 Rodrigo Chaparro

2. 2 Carbon Fund $ $ $ $ 22 Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement BanksInvestor DebtEquity Power Purchase Agreement $$ Main Product e.g: electricity $$ Carbon Credits Nature of Carbon Finance Projects Promote Sustainable development

3. 3 Bank Carbon Finance Business Family of Products PCF as “flagship”: $180 million Netherlands Clean Development Facility – CDM only, $30 million/year over 2002-2005 Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF): to start May/June 2003 at $40-50 million BioCarbon Fund (BioCF): to start by Sept 2003 at $30- 40 million Climate Neutral Bank; starting March 12th

4. 4 Public Sector (6) Governments of Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Canada, and Japan Bank for International Cooperation Private Sector: (17) RWE - Germany, Gaz de France, Tokyo Electric Power, Deutsche Bank, Chubu Electric, Chugoku Electric, Kyushu Electric, Shikoku Electric, Tohoku Electric, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Electrabel, NorskHydro- Norway, Statoil -Norway, BP, Fortum, RaboBank, NL PCF Shareholders ($180 million)

5. 5 Bank’s Carbon Finance Business at a Glance Value of Emissions Reductions Purchase Agreements (ERPAs) negotiated: 15, $38m Number and value of approved PCF projects: 28, $119.2m Number and value of NDCF projects: 13, US$ 157.1m Total estimated investment in 30 approved projects: US$ 1.081 billion

6. 6 Unbundled Services in Carbon Finance Training and Knowledge Management: World Bank Institute (governments, private sector, Bank Group staff) – 1500 training days in FY03 –Help desk, briefings, targeted awareness-raising Internships and Fellowships: PCF+ and shareholder privelages (20 + to date) Staff Exchange Program in CF: 6 on strength Institutional Strengthening: CF-Assist, PCF+, CDCF+ Research and Policy Analysis: Market intelligence, technical benchmarking, baseline and monitoring methods, policy research.

7. 7 Most Important Findings 1.Regulatory uncertainty remains post-Marrakesh: CDM Executive Board still to review and approve methods for carbon asset creation No Entry into Force of Kyoto Protocol 2.CDM/JI Carbon Asset Creation remains complex and lengthy: lead times of 3-7 years for project design through delivery of first ERs. 3.Private Sector is not buying directly in CDM/JI on a significant scale 4.Capacity Building is Urgent first carbon purchase in each country and sector is key to build awareness Carbon finance and TA for capacity building must go hand in hand to support carbon market development 5.Small projects and hence smaller countries and poorer communities will lose out unless risks and costs are managed by intermediaries, despite streamlining 6.LULUCF – Sink Assets are high value to sustainable development but poorly understood and at risk as an asset class

8. 8 Carbon Finance flows 2001-2002 Source: Authors’ own calculation, based on transaction database assembled with Natsource, Co2e.com and PointCarbon USA Canada Australia Latin America Asia Africa

9. 9 Certifying Sustainable Development Outcomes Bank has shown that it is feasible and cost effective to create and certify local environmental and community development benefits along with carbon Examples from PCF: –Colombia Jepirachi Wind Power Plant (19MW) also certifies: potable water, electricity for schools/clinics and small fishing port for local indigenous peoples; –Plantar Project in Brazil (23,400ha fuelwood plantation) also certifies: Worker health improvement ABRINQ certification of no child labor or exploitation Biodiversity benefits FSC certification of improved forest management

10. 10 Preparation and review of the Project Baseline Study and Monitoring and Verification Plan (MVP) Validation process Project Appraisal and Negotiation Periodic verification & certification Construction and start up Project completion 3 months 2 months 3 months 1-3 years Up to 21 years Upstream Due Diligence, carbon risk assessment and documentation: $ 40K Baseline : $20 K Monitoring Plan: $20K Contract, Processing and documentation: $30k Consultation and Project Appraisal: $105K Negotiations and Legal documentation: $50K Carbon Asset Creation and Maintenance Manufacturing Process and Costs based on Bank experience Total through Negotiations All expenses: $265 K Initial verification at start-up: $25K Verification: $10-25 K Supervision: $10-20K

11. 11 Technology  IRR Hydro0.8-2.6 Wind1.0-1.3 Bagasse0.4-3.6 Energy Eff.-District Heating~ 2.0 Gas Flare Reduction2-4 Biomass2-7 Municipal Solid Waste5-10 Impact of Carbon Finance on FIRR ($3/tCO2e)

12. 12 Sample of Prices in PCF Deals Country/ProjectClassPrice US$ /tCO2e Volume 000tCO2e Value US$m Uganda: Small Hydro (2001)CDM 3.00 1,300 3.90 Poland: Geo. & Biomass (2)JI : no HCA 3.00 555 1.67 Brazil: Seq. & BiomassCDM 3.50 1,514 5.30 Chile: Small Hydro –firmCDM 3.50 1,000 3.50 Chile: Small Hydro –optionCDM 3.50+0.75 750 3.19 Costa Rica: Wind (2)CDM : umbrella 3.50 547 1.92 Costa Rica: Small HydroCDM : umbrella 3.50 172 0.60 Nicaragua: Rice HuskCDM : umbrella 3.50 142 0.50 Colombia: WindCDM + social ben’s 3.50+0.50 800 3.20 Bulgaria: BiomassJI : HCA 3.50 1,000 3.50 Romania: AfforestationJI : HCA* 3.60 1,018 3.66 Czech Republic: EEJI : State Agency 4.00 1,300 5.20 Latvia LFGTE (2000)JI : Guaranteed min. 4.11-6.39 388-602 2.47

13. 13 World Bank Carbon Finance Strategy: Carbon Finance Beyond PCF 1.Expand Carbon Market Development Provide First-of-a-kind opportunities: Introduce more countries and companies to carbon market Benchmark carbon asset creation and Crowd-In private sector: Increase certainty and lower entry barriers Expand access to CDM/JI assets in early market: Bank intermediation is critical to expand supply 2.Strengthen TA/Capacity Building 3.Demonstrate credible forestry/agriculture “sinks” activities 4.Open Markets for small projects and small countries: 5.Build Credibility in AAU Market: Greening of AAUs

14. 14 Small projects are burdened by high transaction costs Small and poorer countries will miss out on private sector carbon finance Need special efforts to: –mitigate risk, bundle small transactions –standardize both CDM/JI requirements and business procedures

15. 15 Carbon Sequestration has important rural development, poverty alleviation, sustainable natural resource management and global environment implications PCF carbon sinks projects demonstrate how to create and certify biodiversity improvements and contributions to rural welfare, but PCF can only do 3-4 projects Need dedicated fund to demonstrate and benchmark carbon sinks assets in support of sustainable agriculture and forestry, watershed management and biodiversity conservation.

16. 16 Benchmarking and Securing Supply of High Quality ERs includes…. Reducing Risk and Uncertainty in Supply: Preparing Standardized baselines/monitoring plans for replicable carbon projects which lower risk in carbon asset creation for host countries and buyers Greening “Hot Air”: helping transition economies market their assigned amount units by helping design investment programs which utilize revenues from AAU sale to invest in clean technology to create actual emissions reductions

17. 17 Respond to Host Country demand for carbon finance Extend carbon finance to the smaller, poorer countries and rural communities Demonstrate carbon finance for carbon sinks Strengthen and expand capacity building for mitigation and adaptation Explore practical arrangements for “greening” AAUs FY03 business plan targets: negotiated ERPAs, $155m (PCF on track; NCDF ahead); cumulative approved projects for negotiation, $250m; Carbon Finance Strategy: Summary

18. 18 Market Development Initiatives Intermediation Agreements: India (IDFC), Brazil (A2R), South Africa (DBSA)….. Project financing (debt, equity, mezzanine): European Banks, …. Insurance and risk management products: covering risk in carbon currency, country risk management, guarantee facilities

19. 19 Benefits to New Funds Participants High quality ERs for compliance and trading Cheaper: expertise of established carbon finance team at incremental cost Risk mitigation via diversification, hedge future costs Knowledge of carbon asset creation, market intelligence: internships, training, advice Marketing: Corporate social responsibility Origination Options: Bring projects to fund Parallel Purchase: Access to additional CO2e to grow carbon portfolios at low risk and effort