1. Models of Urban Structure

2. Urban Components
-CBD (central business district): location of skyscrapers and companies (would always be the center of the 3 urban models, many people commute, few actually live there)
-Central city: urban area that is not suburban; generally the older or original city surrounded by the newer suburbs.
-Inner city: urban area around the CBD; typically poorer and more run down in the US and other long-developed states; typically more rich upscale in less-developed states.
-Ghetto: inner cities that become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out of the suburbs (white flight) and immigrants and poorer people vie for scarce jobs and resources. -

3. Changes in Cities in the U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization
Developed Countries: suburbanization
wealthy move to suburbs
automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

4. Inner Cities – White Flight
Inner-city physical problems
Deterioration process
Urban renewal
Inner-city social problems
Underclass
Culture of poverty
Blockbusting
Redlining

5. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

6. Concentric Zone Model
Ernest Burgess, 1920’s
City of Chicago

7. Concentric Zone Model Zone A: CBD is here
Transportation infrastructure converges
Most tertiary employment
Zone B:
Industrial activities
Adjacent to CBD, labor and markets
Port sites and rail yards

8. Concentric Zone Model Zone C: Low income housing
Constantly being converted to other uses due to expanding manufacturing and industrial activities
First generation immigrants
Zone D:
residential zone dominated by working class
Second generation immigrants
Near employment

9. Concentric Zone Model Zone E: Higher quality housing
Longer commuter costs
Zone F:
outside zone E
High class expensive housing
Rural, suburban setting

10. Concentric Zone Model: Considerations
Considered a product of its time, circa 1950
Developed for American cities and not easily applied elsewhere
Developed when people used public transit and can’t be applied to the highway cities of today

11. TODAY INDIVIDUALLY-RECREATE POWDER SPRINGS GA
Just like the model
Include examples (in each sector) from your memory.
Be able to discuss the positives and negatives of this model

12. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

13. 1871

14. 1892

15. 1996

16. THE SECTOR MODEL

17. Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1939 City of Chicago
Transport had a direct impact on land uses
Cities grow along an axis, thus the sector model 6

18. Sector Model 6 Zone 1: CBD Land is expensive
Little space, competition is high, congestion is high 6
Zone 2:
Zone of Transition
Old industries located here
State of constant change due to growth of Zone 1

19. Sector Model 6 Zone 3: Zone of Transition A.k.a old inner city areas
Low class residential housing 6
Zone 4:
Council Estates
Semi-detached housing
Garden areas
Medium-class residential

20. Sector Model Zone 5: Commuter Zone
Private, high class, top quality housing
Much commuting into CBD
Zone 6:
Countryside areas
Pleasant, rural surroundings
Satellite villages and towns

23. Multi-Nuclei Theory Harris and Ullman
Separate nuclei or CBD’s in the urban pattern, not just one
Centrifugal forces determine land use, ie residential repels industrial
High rent vs low rent

24. Multi-Nuclei Theory Zone 1 CBD Zone 2 Zone of Transition Zone 3
Residential Low Class
Zone 4
Residential Middle Class

25. Multi-Nuclei Theory Zone 5 Residential Upper Class Zone 6
Industry and Heavy Manufacturing
Zone 7
Mini CBD
Zone 8
Residential Suburb

26. Multi-Nuclei Theory
Zone 9
Industrial Suburb

27. Urban Realms Model
Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.

28. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)
African City (de Blij model)
Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

29. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)

30. The African City (de Blij model)

31. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)