1. Chapter Two
Population

2. Distribution of World Population
Population concentrations
The four largest population clusters [East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe]
Other population clusters [W. Hemisphere, West Africa]
Sparsely populated regions
Dry lands – 20% to dry to farm; contain natural resources?
Wet lands – near equator b/t 20° north & south latitude; large amounts of rainfall
Cold lands – covered with ice or permafrost; unsuitable
High lands – mountains are steep, snow covered

3. World Population Cartogram
Fig. 2-1: This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

4. World Population Distribution & Climate Zones
Fig. 2-2: World population is unevenly distributed across the earth’s surface. Climate is one factor that affects population density.

5. Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 BC - AD 1900
Fig. 2-3: The ecumene, or the portion of the earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

6. Ecumene, 5000 B.C.

7. Ecumene, A.D. 1

8. Ecumene, A.D.1500

9. Ecumene, A.D.1900

10. Population Density Arithmetic Physiological Agricultural
total # of people divided by total land area
Answers the “where” question
Physiological
# of people supported by a unit area of arable land
Provides insights into the relationship b/t size of population & availability of resources in a region
Agricultural
Ratio of the # of farmers to the amount of arable land
This measure helps account for economic differences (MDCs vs. LDCs)

11. Arithmetic Population Density
Fig. 2-4: Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area. The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.

12. Physiological Density
Fig. 2-5: Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.

13. Measures of Population Density

14. Distribution of World Population Growth
Natural Increase
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – total # of live births per year for every 1,000 people alive
Crude Death Rate (CDR) – total # of deaths per year for every 1,000 people alive
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) - % by which population grows in a year [(CBR-CDR)/10 = NIR]
High base population means small changes in NIR have dramatic effect
Doubling Time - # of years needed to double population assuming constant rate of natural increase
Virtually 100% of natural increase clustered in LDCs

15. Distribution of World Population Growth
Fertility
Total Fertility Rate – average number of children a woman will have throughout her child-bearing years
Vary between LDCs & MDCS
2.7 for world as whole
Mortality
Infant Mortality Rate – annual # of deaths of infants compared w/ total live births
Higher rates in poorer countries; reflects country’s health-care system
Life expectancy – measures the average # of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

16. World Population Growth 1950 - 2005
Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to over 6 billion in slightly over 50 years. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990.

17. Natural Increase Rates
Fig. 2-7: The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates.

18. Crude Birth Rates
Fig. 2-8: The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries.

19. Total Fertility Rates
Fig. 2-9: The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.

20. Infant Mortality Rates
Fig. 2-10: The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia.

21. Life Expectancy at birth
Fig. 2-11: Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.

22. Crude Death Rates
Fig. 2-12: The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the Demographic Transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries.

23. Variations in Population Growth
The Demographic Transition [4 stages]
Low growth
agricultural revolution allowed for more people to survive
High growth
Industrial revolution spurs movement into stage
CDR decreasing, CBR stable
Medical revolution pushed LDCs into stage in late 20th century
Moderate growth
CBR begins to drop, still higher than CDR
People decide to have fewer offspring => decline in mortality & IMR; economic changes (work in cities)
CBR = CDR & NIR nears zero (0) => Zero population growth

24. Variations in Population Growth
Population pyramids
Age distribution
Dependency ratio – larger the % of dependents, the greater the financial burden on those working
Sex ratio
# of males per 100 females; slightly more males born, but have higher death rates
Countries in different stages of demographic transition
Demographic transition and world population growth

25. The Demographic Transition
Fig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

26. World Population & Growth Rates, 400,000 BC - AD 2000

27. Demographic Transition in England
Fig. 2-14: England was one of the first countries to experience rapid population growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage 2 of the demographic transition.

28. Percent of Population under 15
Fig. 2-15: About one-third of world population is under 15, but the percentage by country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and some Asian countries, to under 20% in much of Europe.

29. Population Pyramids in U.S. cities
Fig. 2-16: Population pyramids can vary greatly with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples).

30. Rapid Growth in Cape Verde
Fig. 2-17: Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in about 1950, is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population history reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration.

31. Moderate Growth in Chile
Fig. 2-18: Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s.

32. Low Growth in Denmark
Fig. 2-19: Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children.

33. Will the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?
Thomas Malthus
Argued world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning development of food supplies
Population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically
Neo-Malthusians
Medical technology resulted in gap b/t population growth & resources widening in some countries
World pop. Outstripping variety of resources which will lead to war & civil violence

34. Overpopulation Problem
Critics of Malthus
Possibilists, Contemporary analysts, Marxists, Economic, Political leaders
Declining birth rates
Malthus theory & reality
Food production increased more rapidly
Population increased at a slower rate; NIR declined
Reasons for declining birth rates
Economic development
Distribution of contraceptives

35. World Health Threats
Epidemiological Transition – focuses on distinctive cause of death in each stage of demographic transition
Stage 1 – pestilence & famine; Black Plague
Stage 2 – receding pandemics; Cholera
Stage 3 – degenerative & human-created diseases; cardiovascular disease, cancer
Stage 4 – delayed degenerative diseases
Stage 5 – reemergence of infectious & parasitic diseases

36. Food & Population, 1950-2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends
Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

37. Crude Birth Rate Decline, 1980-2005
Fig. 2-21: Crude birth rates declined in most countries during the 1980s and 1990s (though the absolute number of births per year increased from about 120 to 130 million).

38. Use of Family Planning
Fig. 2-22: Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture.

39. Women Using Family Planning

40. Family Planning Methods used in three countries

41. Promoting One-Child Policy in China

42. Cholera in London, 1854
Fig. 2-23: By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the water-borne epidemic.

43. Tuberculosis Death Rates
Fig. 2-24: The tuberculosis death rate is good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious disease killers.

44. Avian Flu,
Fig. 2-25: The first cases of avian flu in this outbreak were reported in Southeast Asia.

45. HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2005
Fig. 2-26: The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.