1. Human Geography
Chapter 10 Development
Created by Sarah Chase

2. How do you Define and Measure Development?
Commodity Chain- a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in commodity that it is then exchanged on the world market.
The generation of wealth depends on where along the commodity chain the production is taking place.
Each link along the chain has a certain value added to the commodity, producing differing levels of wealth for the place and the people where the production occurs.

3. How do you Define and Measure Development?
Formal Economy
Informal Economy
The legal economy that is taxed and monitored be a government and is included in the government’s Gross National Product.
Examples
Transactions
Taxes
Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by the government and is not included in the government’s Gross National Product.
Examples
Garden Plot in Yard
Black Market
Illegal Drug Trade

4. Development Models
Critics argue that the model…
Does not take geographical differences very seriously.
Is conceptualization of development has a Western bias.
Some of the poorer countries that the West views as progress, can lead to worsened social and environmental conditions for the people in the poorer countries.
Does not consider geography or interrelations across scales.
The development model treats countries as autonomous units moving through a process of development at different speeds and not as actions at one scale influencing socioeconomics at another scale.

5. Rostow- Modernization Model
Development Models
Rostow- Modernization Model
Many theories of development grew out of the decolonization movement in the 1960’s
His models assumes that all countries follow a similar path to development or modernization.
Stages
Traditional
Preconditions to Takeoff
Takeoff
Drive to Maturity
High Mass Consumption

6. Rostow- Modernization Model-Stages
Development Models
Rostow- Modernization Model-Stages
Traditional- 1st
dominant activity is subsistence farming
The social structure is rigid and unchanging
The people resist technological advances
Preconditions to Takeoff- 2nd
Progressive leadership moves the country towards greater flexibility, openness, and diversification.
Takeoff- 3rd
Industrial Revolution takes place
Substantial Growth
Technological and mass-production breakthroughs occur
Urbanization increases

7. Rostow- Modernization Model-Stages
Development Models
Rostow- Modernization Model-Stages
Drive to Maturity- 4th
Technologies diffuse
Industrial specialization occurs
International trade expands
Population grows slowly
High Mass Consumption- 5th
High incomes
Widespread production of many goods and services
Majority of workers enter the service sector of the economy

8. Modernization Model-Ladder of Development

9. How does Geography affect Development?
Dependency Theory- Holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the World control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer countries.
Theories argue that the dependency helps sustain prosperity of dominant regions and the poverty of others.
Poorer countries tie their currency into a wealthier country’s currency.
Theory sees little hope for economic prosperity in regions that have been dominated by external powers.
Based on generalizations.

10. How does Geography affect Development?
Dependency Theory-
Dollarization- The process where a country’s currency is abandoned in favor of the dollar.
El Salvador changed the colon for the dollar.
It makes sense for El Salvador because the two countries were economically tied before dollarization.
2 million Salvadorians live in the USA and send $2 million back to El Salvador annually.
2/3 of El Salvador’s exports go to the USA.

11. How does Geography affect Development?
Structuralist Theory- Holds that economic disparities are built into the system- people built, organized and structured the world’s economy in a certain way that can not be changed easily.
The global economy brought into being a large-scale structures
Concentration of wealth in certain areas
Unequal relations among places

12. How does Geography affect Development?
World Systems Theory- Proposes that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein
Helps us understand the geography of development.
Geographers like the theory because it is sensitive to geographical differences and the relationships among development processes that occur in different places.
Three-Tier Structure
Core
Periphery
Semi-Periphery

13. Three-Tier Structure Core Process
Process that generates wealth in a places because core processes require higher levels of education, greater technologies and higher wages and benefits.
Achieve higher levels of socioeconomic prosperity
Dominant players in the global economic game.
Need periphery countries to produce goods cheaply

14. Three-Tier Structure Periphery Process
Require little education, little technologies, and lower wages and benefits.
Generate little wealth
Poor regions that depend on the core and do not have much control over their own affairs, economically or politically.
Cannot easily climb the ladder of development

15. Three-Tier Structure Semi-Periphery Process
Exhibit both core and periphery processes
Serve as a buffer between the core and periphery in the world-economy
Exert more power than periphery countries but are still largely influenced by core regions.

16. What are the barriers to and the costs of Economic Development?
Barriers to Economic Development
Low levels of Social Welfare
Periphery countries have high birth rates and high death rates and low life expectancy
High level of disease from inadequate health care
Lack of education result in high illiteracy rates
Foreign Debt
Poorer countries receive loans for personal gain from corrupt leader and some went to fund programs.
Large Part of countries budget goes to paying loans
Global debt crisis for the poorer countries of the world.

17. What are the barriers to and the costs of Economic Development?
Barriers to Economic Development
Political Instability
Wide division between the wealth and the poor
Both compete for power and control of government
Hard time establishing and maintaining democracies.
Widespread Disease
Make survival difficult, orphan children, and weaken the labor force.
Vectored diseases spread more easily in warm, moist climates of tropical environments
Large amount of people affected with Malaria in poorer countries.

18. What are the barriers to and the costs of Economic Development?
Costs of Economic Developments
Industrialization
Periphery and Semi-periphery have set up special manufacturing exports zones called export processing zones-EPZs
EPZs offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade agreements to foreign firms.
Two of the best known zones are maquiladoras and special economic zones of China.
North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement- NAFTA- facilitated the movement of service industries from the USA to Mexico

19. What are the barriers to and the costs of Economic Development?
Costs of Economic Developments
Agriculture
In periphery countries agriculture focuses on personal consumption or on production for large agricultural company.
Little is produced for local market
Farmers are unable to afford fertilizers and education levels are low
Soil Erosion is common
Desertification is caused by humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through the overuse of lands for livestock and crop production.

20. What are the barriers to and the costs of Economic Development?
Costs of Economic Developments
Tourism
Tourism brings wealth and employment to countries.
Can have negative effects on cultures and environment
Visitors create hostility among the hosts
Multinational corporations limit the opportunities of local businesses.
A natural disaster can wipe out a tourism industry

21. Why do Countries experience uneven Development within States?
Nongovernment Organizations NGOs
Often try to operate to improve the difficulties of the people.
Are not run by the state or local government
Operate independently and are nonprofit
Each NGOs sets its own goals
Microcredit Program is where NGOs give loans to poor people particularly women to start businesses.
This creates gender balance
Gives more financial power to women
Lower birth rates
Improve malnourishment

22. Definitions
Gross National Product (GNP)- The total value of all goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a given year
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- The total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year.
Gross National Income (GNI)- Calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.

23. Definitions
Neo-Colonialism- the entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new appearance.
Trafficking-When a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the family member will send money home.
Structural Adjustment Loans- Loans granted by international financial institutions to countries in the periphery and the semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and government reforms in that country.
Vectored Diseases- A disease carried from one host to another by an immediate host.

24. Human Geography
THE END
Created by Sarah Chase