1. TS4447 Highway Geometric Design
Horizontal Alignment

2. Horizontal Alignment Minimum Radii Horizontal Curve
Full Circle (FC)  Tugas 3
Spiral Circle Spiral (SCS)  Tugas 4
Spiral Spiral (SS)  Tugas 4
Sight Distance on Curve  Tugas 5
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
Widening on Curve  Tugas 5
Superelevation Diagram  Tugas 6
Stationing  Tugas 6

3. Design Classification
Design Type & Class
Design Speed
Design Vehicles
Cross Section
R = V2/127(e+f)
R’ << R
FC / SCS / SS
R’ << R
Dij  Ti + Tj A B

4. A B
Sight Distance
on Curve
Widening on Curve
Superelevation
Diagram
Stationing

5. Rmin = V2 / 127 ( e + f ) R  minimum radii (m) V  design speed (kph)
e  superelevation (%)
f  side friction

6. Superelevation

7. Tiga Macam Lengkung HorisontalTC CT TS SC CS ST SS PI
Full Circle (FC)
Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
Spiral-Spiral (SS)

11. Geometric Design
… normally seeks to ensure uniformity of alignment and maximum levels of safety and comfort for drivers using the road, within given economic constraints. Compromise are inevitable to achieve an acceptable solution and not all objectives can be fully met. Often, however, it is possible to improve road safety implications of design features are considered at the design stage.

16. TC CT

17. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)

18. Minimum Radii Not Required Transition Section [RSNI T-14-2004 p.31].
Vr (kph)
Rmin (m)
100
5.000 60
1.500 90
3.000 50
1.200 80
2.500 40
800 70
2.000 30
500

19. Azimuth, Intersection Angle, distance between PI

23. Panjang Bagian Lengkung Minimum [RSNI p.27 table.11]
VR (kph)
L (m)
100
170 90
155 80
135 70
120 60
105 50 85 40 30 55

24. RFC Minimum Sesuai Syarat [RSNI p.27 table.11]

25. Check dij  Ti + Tj

26. Azimuth, Intersection Angle, distance between PI

27. Latihan Pilih 2-3 PI yang bersebelahan,
Coba desain tikungan pada PI tersebut dengan jenis FC.

28. Tugas 3 Azimuth, D, distance between PI Minimum radius Curve type FC
Stopping Sight Distance
Widening on curve
Stationing
Superelevation diagram
AutoCAD drawing
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29. Tiga Macam Lengkung HorisontalTC CT TS SC CS ST SS PI
Full Circle (FC)
Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
Spiral-Spiral (SS)

30. FC 
SCS

31. TFC < TSCS

33. FC vs SCS

34. FC vs SCS

35. CLOTHOID (Spiral) CURVE

36. TRANSITION (Spiral) CURVE
To provide a natural, easy-to-follow path for drivers, where centrifugal force increase/decrease gradually.
To provide a convenient desirable arrangement for superelevation run-off.
To provide a flexible change in lane-width.
To enhanced the appearance of the highway, to avoid the noticeable breaks at the beginning and ending of circular curves

37. Tangent Runout is the general term denoting the length of highway needed to accomplish the change in cross slope from a normal section to a section with the adverse cross slope removed, or vice-versa. 2% 0% 2% 2% 0% 2%

38. Superelevation Runoff, is the general term denoting length of highway needed to accomplish the change in cross slope from a section with adverse crown removed to a fully superelevation section, or vice-versa. 2% 2% 0% 2% 2% 0%

39. Superelevation Runoff TR menambah jarak antar TS !!!
Tangent Runout

40. Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+ TR)

41. Minimum Length of Transition Sections
Minimum Maneuver Time for Traveling on Transition Curve [RSNI T p.30].
LS = (Vr/3,6) x t
Vr  design speed (km/h)
t  running time (2 sec)

42. Minimum Length of Transition Sections
Minimum Length of Superelevation Runoff [RSNI T p.30].
LS = W 1/D (ed + eNC)
LS = W 1/D ed  AASHTO
D  relative slopes ratio (m/m)
W  road width (m)
eNC  normal cross fall (%)
ed  design superelevation (%)

43. Superelevation Runoff TR menambah jarak antar TS !!!
Tangent Runout

45. Spiral-Circle-Spiral or Spiral-Spiral 2%
Full-Circle,
Normal Cross-Fall 2%
Spiral-Circle-Spiral or Spiral-Spiral
Reverse Cross-Fall or Superelevation

46. FC min 

49. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)

50. Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+ TR)

51. SCS vs SS

52. SCS vs SS

53. Tiga Macam Lengkung HorisontalTC CT TS SC CS ST SS PI
Full Circle (FC)
Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
Spiral-Spiral (SS)

56. Spiral-Spiral (SS)

57. Ls max

58. Ls min

59. Ls SS

60. Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+ TR)

61. Latihan Pilih 1-2 PI yang tidak memenuhi syarat desain FC,
Coba desain tikungan pada PI tersebut dengan jenis SCS atau SS.

62. Tugas 4 Azimuth, D, distance between PI Minimum radius
Curve type SCS & SS
Stopping Sight Distance
Widening on curve
Stationing
Superelevation diagram
AutoCAD drawing
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63. BRAKING DISTANCE

64. S = 15.9 d x f ±e x B% Braking Distance !
100% Braking – Four Wheel Lock-up Skid or full ABS – Where f = 0.75 and S = 80km/hr
Front Brakes Only – 70% d = 48 meters
Rear Brakes Only – 30% d = 112 meters
One Front Brake – 35% d = 96 meters
One Back Brake – 15% d = 225 meters !!!
The distance required to skid to stop changes with the amount of braking power. The formula is multiplied by the percentage of the braking power expressed as a decimal. This is a good exercise for the students as they have to rearrange the equation and solve for “d.”

67. STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
[RSNI T p.22]

68. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)

69. Minimum Stopping Sight Distance [Table 10 p. 23 RSNI 2004]
Design Speed (kph)
SSD (m)
100
185 60 85 90
160 50 65 80
130 40 70
105 30 35

70. PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE

71. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

72. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

73. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve
[RSNI T p.23]

74. Potongan Melintang RencanaB
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)

75. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

76. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

78. Widening on Curve

79. Widening on Curve A traffic lane on a curve must be widened because:
The rear wheels do not track the front wheels
Vehicle’s front overhang requires an additional lateral space
Difficulty of driving on curves justifies wider lateral clearance

80. Widening on Curve

81. Widening on Curve Wn  width of traveled way on tangent, m.
U  track width of vehicle (out-to-out tires), m.
C  lateral clearance per vehicle assumed 0,6/0,75/0,9 for Wn of 6,0/6,6/7,2 respectively
FA  with of overhang, m.
Z  extra width allowance for difficulty of driving on curves, m.
u  track width on tangent (out-to-out) 2,6m.
R  radius of centerline of 2-lane highway, m.
L  wheelbase, m.
A  front overhang, m.
V  design speed of highway, km/h.

82. Widening on Curve

83. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)

84. Latihan
Pilih 2-3 PI,
Periksa syarat Stopping Sight Distance dan kebutuhan Widening on Curve.

85. Tugas 5 Azimuth, D, distance between PI Minimum radius Curve type
Stopping Sight Distance
Widening on curve
Stationing
Superelevation diagram
AutoCAD drawing
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86. Superelevation

87. Superelevation

88. Superelevation

90. Superelevation Diagram
SCS - Right Turn TS SC CS ST
emax en cl Ls Lc Ls

91. Latihan Pilih 2-3 PI dengan jenis tikungan SCS/SS belok Kanan/Kiri
Gambarlah (skets) Diagram Superelevasi pada PI tersebut.

92. Stationing

93. Stationing [cont’d]

94. Tugas 6 Azimuth, D, distance between PI Minimum radius Curve type
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Azimuth, D, distance between PI
Minimum radius
Curve type
Stopping Sight Distance
Widening on curve
Stationing
Superelevation diagram
AutoCAD drawing