1. MINOR LOSSES Sambungan Pipa (fittings): Flow through run
Flow through branch
Return bend
45o elbow
90o elbow
45o street elbow
90o street elbow
90o long radius elbow
Katup (valves):
Globe valve
Gate valve
Butterfly valve
Angle valve
Foot valve
Ball valve
Check valve
Enlargement :
Sudden enlargement
Gradual enlargement
Contraction :
Sudden constraction
Gradual constraction
Exit loss
Entrance loss
K = koefisien tahanan (resistance coefficient)
Le = Panjang ekivalen
fT = faktor gesekan pada turbulen penuh

2. Sudden Enlargement

3. Gradual Enlargement

4. Sudden Construction

5. Gradual Construction

6. Entrance Loss
Exit Loss

7. Globe Valve
Gate Valve
Butterfly Valve
Ball Valve
Angle Valve
Check Valve

8. Foot Valve Poopet disk
Foot Valve Hinged disk

9. Fitting

12. Kekasaran pada berbagai jenis pipa