1. Theories of Signs and Language
Tiga struktur elemen pesan:
Signs dan Symbols
Language
Discourse

2. Tiga Cabang kajian tentang Signs dan Symbols
Semantics: Study of how signs relate to things; relationship between the world of signs and the world of things
Syntactics: study of how signs relate other signs; pointing to the ways signs are organized into larger sign system
Pragmatics: The actual use of codes in everyday life

3. Feature Pragmatics Code Syntactic Code
Summary: Pragmatics dan Syntactis Codes Donald G Ellis,” Syntactic and Pragmatic Codes In Communication” – Communication Theory 2 (1992, p.1-23)
Feature
Pragmatics Code
Syntactic Code
Meaning
Comprehension
Reasoning
Structure
Content
Fragmentation- Integration
Involved-detached
Level of Planning
Oral – Literate
In person, assumed
Coherence
Subjective, organic
Implicit
High Context
Fragmented
Involved
Unplanned
Oral-like
In text
Cohesion
Logic
Explicit
Low Context
Integrated
Detached
Planned
Literate-like

4. Classical Semantic Theory
Pemikiran Charles Saunders Peirce
Pemikiran Charles Morris
Susanne Langer

5. Peirce’s Basic Notion of Sign
Semiosis: a relationship among a sign, an object, and a meaning
Sign represent the object or referent in the mind of interpreter
Interpretant: Representation of an object by a sign/ association that interpreter makes

6. Ogden and Richard Meaning Triangle
Thought or Reference
a causal other
relation causal relation
Symbol Stand for Referent

7. Relasi antara Symbol, Thought dan Referent – Ogden and Richard
Between a thought and a symbol causal relations hold
Between the Thought and the Referent there is a relation, more or less direct or indirect
Between the symbol and the Referent is no relevant relation other than the indirect one

8. Charles Morris on Signs
A sign is a stimulus that elicits a readiness to respond
Interpreter as organism that takes a stimulus as a sign
Interpretant as a disposition to respond in a certain way because of sign
Denotatum as anything designated by the sign that enables the organism to respond appropriately
Significatum as conditions making response possible

9. Three values of a sign
The designative aspect: directs (point, refer, show) the interpreter to specific object or particular of denotata - perception stage
The prescirptive aspect: tend to prescribe, advise, or tell us what to do- manipulation stage
The appraisive aspect: orients the interpreter to particular qualities of denoted object, which enables one to appraise or evaluate the object- Consummated stage

10. Susanne Langer on Symbols
She uses the term sign in more restricted sense than Morris to mean a stimulus that signals the presence of something else
A sign corresponds closely to the actual signified object
A Symbol is vehicle for the conception of objects- an instrument of thought

11. Meaning dalam Pemikiran Langer
Terdiri dari dua segi: 1) Logis- hubungan antara symbol dan referent; 2) psikologis- hubungan antara symbol dan person
Makna terdiri dari konsepsi privat individu dan konsep umum yang dipahami/dihayati bersama
Mengapa? Symbol mengkomunikasikan konsep- gagasan/pemikiran umum, pola atau bentuk-bentuk tertentu- konsep ini sebagai: a meaning shared among communicators. Tetapi setiap komunikator mempunyai “private image” sebagai person,s conception

12. Signification: is the meaning of a sign- a simple stimulus announcing the presence of some object
Denotation: is the relation of symbol to its object
Connotation: is the direct relation between the symbol and the conception

13. Language and The Study of Syntactics
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky

14. Ferdinand de Saussure and Language
Sign, language-arbitrary
Signs are conventions governed by the rules
Language is a structure
Language and reality are separate
Language as a structured system representing reality
The key understand the structure of system is difference
Langue-synchrony-formal system and parole-diachrony-actual use of language

15. Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
Generative grammar rests on the assumption that sentence generation is central to sentence structure
The objective of generative grammar is to isolate a set of rules that explains how any sentence could be generated
Transformational grammar