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Red-Black Trees 二○一七年四月十二日 AVL Trees 6 3 8 4 v z AVL Trees
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AVL Tree Definition (§ 9.2)
AVL trees are balanced. An AVL Tree is a binary search tree such that for every internal node v of T, the heights of the children of v can differ by at most 1. An example of an AVL tree where the heights are shown next to the nodes: AVL Trees
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Balanced nodes A internal node is balanced if the heights of its two children differ by at most 1. Otherwise, such an internal node is unbalanced. AVL Trees
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3 4 n(1) n(2) Height of an AVL Tree Fact: The height of an AVL tree storing n keys is O(log n). Proof: Let us bound n(h): the minimum number of internal nodes of an AVL tree of height h. We easily see that n(1) = 1 and n(2) = 2 For n > 2, an AVL tree of height h contains the root node, one AVL subtree of height n-1 and another of height n-2. That is, n(h) = 1 + n(h-1) + n(h-2) Knowing n(h-1) > n(h-2), we get n(h) > 2n(h-2). So n(h) > 2n(h-2), n(h) > 4n(h-4), n(h) > 8n(n-6), … (by induction), n(h) > 2in(h-2i)>2 {h/2 -1} (1) = 2 {h/2 -1} Solving the base case we get: n(h) > 2 h/2-1 Taking logarithms: h < 2log n(h) +2 Thus the height of an AVL tree is O(log n) h-1 h-2 AVL Trees
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Insertion in an AVL Tree
Insertion is as in a binary search tree Always done by expanding an external node. Example: 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 54 c=z a=y b=x w before insertion after insertion It is no longer balanced AVL Trees
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Names of important nodes
w: the newly inserted node. (insertion process follow the binary search tree method) The heights of some nodes in T might be increased after inserting a node. Those nodes must be on the path from w to the root. Other nodes are not effected. z: the first node we encounter in going up from w toward the root such that z is unbalanced. y: the child of z with higher height. y must be an ancestor of w. (why? Because z in unbalanced after inserting w) x: the child of y with higher height. The height of the sibling of x is smaller than that of x. (Otherwise, the height of y cannot be increased.) x must be an ancestor of w. See the figure in the last slide. AVL Trees
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Algorithm restructure(x):
Input: A node x of a binary search tree T that has both parent y and grand-parent z. Output: Tree T after a trinode restructuring. Let (a, b, c) be the list (increasing order) of nodes x, y, and z. Let T0, T1, T2 T3 be a left-to-right (inorder) listing of the four subtrees of x, y, and z not rooted at x, y, or z. Replace the subtree rooted at z with a new subtree rooted at b.. Let a be the left child of b and let T0 and T1 be the left and right subtrees of a, respectively. Let c be the right child of b and let T2 and T3 be the left and right subtrees of c, respectively. AVL Trees
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Restructuring (as Single Rotations)
3 2 1 a = x b = y c = z single rotation AVL Trees
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Restructuring (as Double Rotations)
c = z b = x a = y T 3 1 2 AVL Trees
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Insertion Example, continued
unbalanced... 4 T 1 44 x 2 3 17 62 y z 1 2 2 32 50 78 1 1 1 ...balanced 48 54 88 T 2 T T 1 T 3 AVL Trees
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Theorem: One restructure operation is enough to ensure that the whole tree is balanced. Proof: Left to the readers. AVL Trees
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Quiz 3 Misalkan diberikan data sebagai berikut :
(1,”A”), (3,”C”),(2,”B”),E,I,D,F,G,H, J Susun data di atas ke dalam CBT berdasarkan indeks menggunakan array. Susun data diatas sebagai representasi PQ menggunakan MinHeapTree berdasarkan Kunci Hapus step by step dari HeapTree Susun data di atas ke dalam AVL tree AVL Trees
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blc = tki – tka t = max(tki, tka) Dt pKi pKa tKi tKa Blc t NodeAVL
Object dt NodeAVL pKi, pKa int tKi, tkA, blc, t NodeAVL(Object dt) int getBalance() AVL Trees
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Putar Kiri root 6 1 2 -1 pusat 1 4 8 1 7 9 AVL Trees
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public void sisipData(int dt){ size++; // tambah jumlah node NodeAVL baru = new NodeAVL(dt); // buat node baru if (root == null) root = baru; // jika root masih null else{ // jika root tidak null NodeAVL pKini, pInduk = null; pKini = root; StackAVL st = new StackAVL(size); // buat stack // telusuri node untuk membentuk path dari root ke posisi while(pKini != null){ st.push(pKini); // simpan node pKini di stack pInduk = pKini; if (dt < pKini.data) pKini = pKini.anakKiri; else pKini = pKini.anakKanan; } AVL Trees
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if (!isNotSeimbang(pInduk)){ // jika sudah seimbang
//sisipkan node if (!isNotSeimbang(pInduk)){ // jika sudah seimbang if(dt < pInduk.data) { pInduk.anakKiri = baru; } else { pInduk.anakKanan = baru; ///// ----- else { // jika belum seimbang --> seimbangkan dulu seimbangkan(pInduk); AVL Trees
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//update date node induk-induknya NodeAVL pathNode;
while(!st.isEmpty()) { pathNode = st.pop(); if(pathNode.anakKiri == null) pathNode.tKiri = 0; else pathNode.tKiri = pathNode.anakKiri.tinggi; if(pathNode.anakKanan == null) pathNode.tKanan = 0; else pathNode.tKanan = pathNode.anakKanan.tinggi; pathNode.seimbang = Math.abs(pathNode.tKanan - pathNode.tKiri); pathNode.tinggi = 1 + max(pathNode.tKiri, pathNode.tKanan); if (isNotSeimbang(pathNode)){ System.out.println("TESSSS"); seimbangkan(pathNode); } AVL Trees
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Removal in an AVL Tree Removal begins as in a binary search tree, which means the node removed will become an empty external node. Its parent, w, may cause an imbalance. Example: 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 54 44 17 62 50 78 48 54 88 before deletion of 32 after deletion AVL Trees
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Rebalancing after a Removal
Let z be the first unbalanced node encountered while travelling up the tree from w. Also, let y be the child of z with the larger height, let x be the child of y defined as follows; If one of the children of y is taller than the other, choose x as the taller child of y. If both children of y have the same height, select x be the child of y on the same side as y (i.e., if y is the left child of z, then x is the left child of y; and if y is the right child of z then x is the right child of y.) AVL Trees
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Rebalancing after a Removal
We perform restructure(x) to restore balance at z. As this restructuring may upset the balance of another node higher in the tree, we must continue checking for balance until the root of T is reached 62 a=z 44 44 78 w 17 62 b=y 17 50 88 50 78 c=x 48 54 48 54 88 AVL Trees
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Unbalanced after restructuring
1 1 62 h=3 a=z 44 h=4 h=5 h=5 44 78 w 17 62 b=y 17 50 88 32 50 78 c=x 88 AVL Trees
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Rebalancing after a Removal
We perform restructure(x) to restore balance at z. As this restructuring may upset the balance of another node higher in the tree, we must continue checking for balance until the root of T is reached 62 a=z 44 44 78 w 17 62 b=y 17 50 88 50 78 c=x 48 54 48 54 88 AVL Trees
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Running Times for AVL Trees
a single restructure is O(1) using a linked-structure binary tree find is O(log n) height of tree is O(log n), no restructures needed insert is O(log n) initial find is O(log n) Restructuring up the tree, maintaining heights is O(log n) remove is O(log n) AVL Trees
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Part-G1 Merge Sort 7 2 9 4 2 4 7 9 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 7 7
Red-Black Trees 二○一七年四月十二日 Part-G1 Merge Sort 7 2 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 AVL Trees
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Divide-and-Conquer (§ 10.1.1)
Divide-and conquer is a general algorithm design paradigm: Divide: divide the input data S in two disjoint subsets S1 and S2 Recur: solve the subproblems associated with S1 and S2 Conquer: combine the solutions for S1 and S2 into a solution for S The base case for the recursion are subproblems of size 0 or 1 Merge-sort is a sorting algorithm based on the divide-and-conquer paradigm Like heap-sort It uses a comparator It has O(n log n) running time Unlike heap-sort It does not use an auxiliary priority queue It accesses data in a sequential manner (suitable to sort data on a disk) AVL Trees
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Merge-Sort (§ 10.1) Merge-sort on an input sequence S with n elements consists of three steps: Divide: partition S into two sequences S1 and S2 of about n/2 elements each Recur: recursively sort S1 and S2 Conquer: merge S1 and S2 into a unique sorted sequence Algorithm mergeSort(S, C) Input sequence S with n elements, comparator C Output sequence S sorted according to C if S.size() > 1 (S1, S2) partition(S, n/2) mergeSort(S1, C) mergeSort(S2, C) S merge(S1, S2) AVL Trees
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Merging Two Sorted Sequences
The conquer step of merge-sort consists of merging two sorted sequences A and B into a sorted sequence S containing the union of the elements of A and B Merging two sorted sequences, each with n/2 elements and implemented by means of a doubly linked list, takes O(n) time Algorithm merge(A, B) Input sequences A and B with n/2 elements each Output sorted sequence of A B S empty sequence while A.isEmpty() B.isEmpty() if A.first().element() < B.first().element() S.insertLast(A.remove(A.first())) else S.insertLast(B.remove(B.first())) while A.isEmpty() S.insertLast(A.remove(A.first())) while B.isEmpty() S.insertLast(B.remove(B.first())) return S AVL Trees
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Merge-Sort Tree An execution of merge-sort is depicted by a binary tree each node represents a recursive call of merge-sort and stores unsorted sequence before the execution and its partition sorted sequence at the end of the execution the root is the initial call the leaves are calls on subsequences of size 0 or 1 7 2 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 AVL Trees
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Execution Example Partition 7 2 9 4 3 8 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, partition 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, partition 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, base case 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, base case 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Merge 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, …, base case, merge 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Merge 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, …, merge, merge 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Execution Example (cont.)
Merge 7 2 9 4 7 2 2 7 9 4 4 9 3 8 3 8 6 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 9 9 4 4 3 3 8 8 6 6 1 1 AVL Trees
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Analysis of Merge-Sort
The height h of the merge-sort tree is O(log n) at each recursive call we divide in half the sequence, The overall amount or work done at the nodes of depth i is O(n) we partition and merge 2i sequences of size n/2i we make 2i+1 recursive calls Thus, the total running time of merge-sort is O(n log n) depth #seqs size 1 n 2 n/2 i 2i n/2i … AVL Trees
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Summary of Sorting Algorithms
Time Notes selection-sort O(n2) slow in-place for small data sets (< 1K) insertion-sort heap-sort O(n log n) fast for large data sets (1K — 1M) merge-sort sequential data access for huge data sets (> 1M) AVL Trees
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PR Kelompok Susun ADT AVL Tree
Susun algoritma putar kiri, putar kanan, putar kiri kanan, putar kanan kiri, sisip data, penghapusan data. [Implementasi ADT AVL Tree]<- menyusul Tulis di kertas Folio bergaris Jum’at dikumpul dan didiskusikan AVL Trees
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