1. Ground Motion Scaling Based on 1-D Rock Simulations N. Abrahamson NGA Workshop #5 March 24, 2004

2. Issues to be Addressed by 1-D Rock Simulations Period Extrapolation: to T=10 sec Mag Extrapolation: to M8.5 (SS) Distance Extrapolation: to 200 km Distance Extrapolation: to 0 km Stress-Drop Scaling Directivity Scaling Shallow Slip Effects HW/FW Effects

3. Strike-Slip Simulations

4. Dip-Slip Simulations

5. Strike-Slip Simulations

7. Dip-Slip Simulations

8. Period Extrapolation Normalize by T=2 spectral value for each simulation Plot scaling of normalized spectra vs period

9. Period Extrapolation M6.5, Ave Stress-drop

10. Period Extrapolation M7.0, Ave Stress-drop

11. Period Extrapolation M7.5, Ave Stress-drop

12. Period Extrapolation M7.8, Ave Stress-drop

13. Period Extrapolation M8.2, ave stress-drop for 4/3 scaling

14. Mag Extrapolation Removed distance dependence (over 0-100 km) using simple model for M=7 case Evaluate residuals –Residuals will contain mag scaling from the reference M7 case

15. Remove distance attenuation (based on simply model)

16. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) pga, Constant stress-drop model

17. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=0.1 sec, Constant stress-drop model

18. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=0.2 sec, Constant stress-drop model

19. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=1 sec, Constant stress-drop model

20. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=3 sec, Constant stress-drop

21. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=10 sec, Constant stress-drop

22. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) pga, 4/3 Slope for Mag-area

23. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=0.2, 4/3 Slope for Mag-area

24. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=1 sec, 4/3 Slope for Mag-area

25. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=3 sec, 4/3 Slope for Mag-area

26. Mag Extrapolation (D< 100 km) T=10 sec, 4/3 Slope for Mag-area

27. Distance Extrap (M6.5, PGA)

29. Distance Extrap (M6.5, T=1)

31. Distance Extrap (M7.0, PGA)

33. Distance Extrap (M7.0, T=0.2)

36. Distance Extrap (M7.0, T=1)

38. Distance Extrap (M7.8, PGA)

40. Distance Extrap (M7.8, T=0.2)

42. Distance Extrap (M7.8, T=1)

44. Stress-Drop Scaling (M6.5, PGA)

45. Stress-Drop Scaling (M6.5, T=1)

46. Stress-Drop Scaling (M6.5, T=10)

47. Stress-Drop Scaling (M7.5, PGA)

48. Stress-Drop Scaling (M7.5, T=1)

49. Stress-Drop Scaling (M7.5, T=10)

50. Directivity Scaling, M7.0 T=3 sec

51. Directivity Scaling, M7.0 T=5 sec

52. Directivity Scaling, M7.5 T= 3 sec

53. Directivity Scaling, M7.5 T=5 sec

54. FN/FP Scaling, M7.5 T=5 sec