1. Instructional Design Course code: LCE 233 Lecture 1

2. Theories and Models What is a Theory?

3. Theories and Models What is a Theory? Popper: All theories are trials they are tentative hypothesis tried out to see whether they work.

4. Theories and Models What is a Theory? Popper: All experimental corroboration is simply the results of tests undertaken in a critical spirit in an attempt to find out where our theories err.

5. Theories and Models What is a Theory? Theory refers to an organized set of propositions that are syntactically and semantically integrated and serve as a means of predicting and explaining observable phenomena.

6. Theories and Models What is a Model? The Concretization of a Theory. or Theories with a more narrowly defined scope of explanation. Every model is based upon a theory.

7. Difference between a model and a theory A theory is explanatory as well as descriptive, while a model is descriptive.

8. Theories and Models The purpose of theories? What do you think?

9. Theories and Models The purpose of theories? 1.To Guide practice (Prescriptive) 2.To explain phenomena (Explanatory) 3.To predict outcome (Predictive) 4.To Enlighten understanding (descriptive)

10. Theories and Models Prescriptive: To Guide practice A prescriptive theory gives directions or rules as to how something should work or be carried out.

11. Theories and Models Explanatory : To explain phenomena Explanatory theories seek to explain the behavior of our world; they tend to provide a more conceptual model of the world.

12. Theories and Models Predictive: To predict outcome Predictive theories seek to predict outcomes based on the changing values of component variables.

13. Theories and Models Descriptive: To Enlighten understanding Methodology that yields a description of the behavior, event, or object of study without necessarily analyzing or providing its cause. Describes phenomena as they are hypothesized to exist

14. Theories and Models Descriptive Theory What is it? A descriptive theory seeks to support the process of thought, by providing consistent and appropriate terminology.

15. Theories and Models Probabilistic Theory What is it?

16. Theories and Models Probabilistic Theory It may probably take place – It is not certain. Why?

17. Theories and Models Deterministic Theory What is it?

18. Theories and Models Deterministic Theory If followed yields expected results.

19. Theories and Models Descriptive Models Vs Predictive Models

20. The End