1. Cultural

4. Humanism Secularism Commercialism Feudalism to centralization Urbanization

6. Moral supremacy of priesthood Decline of papal authority Religious division Growth of secularism

8. "In the authority of all the saints, and in compassion towards thee, I absolve thee from all sins and misdeeds, and remit all punishment for ten days."

10. Catholic Reformation: Changes in Thinking Validity of papal authority Admission of guilt Persecution/suppression of heresy

11. Pope Paul III Council of Trent Jesuits & Ignatius Loyola Inquisition

12. Catholic response Able to keep Catholicism solidly in the south and parts of Eastern Europe A church council met and refuted protestant tenets A new religious order, the Jesuits, became active in politics, education, and missionary work especially in Asia and the Americas

14. Catholic and Protestant leaders worried that these findings would lead people to question the Church’s authority Galileo 1616 the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend Copernicus’s ideas 1632 Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which clearly supported Copernican theory 1633 called to stand trial, confessed that the ideas of Copernicus were wrong Lived under house arrest and died in 1642

16. Centralization Absolute or Parliamentary Monarchy Territorial Expansion

18. Denis Diderot —Encyclopedia compiled scientific and social scientific knowledge Human beings are good and improvable Blind faith and refusal to tolerate diversity is wrong Mary Wollstonecraft —feminism Reading clubs and coffee houses

19. Scientific revolution  Enlighten Applying scientific method to the study of human society Rational laws Against cruel punishment; decent society could rehabilitate criminals Constitutions to curb privilege Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)—economic behavior

21. This idea of buying stuff to have not just to survive Rich  more elaborate lifestyle created a new rural and urban proletariat that suffered from increased food prices. 1600s led to popular protest and worried peasants Also anxiety about witches (60,000 to 100,000 were killed) Poverty Women Tensions in family life