1. MINE LIFE CYCLE, DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING, AND SUSTAINABILITY
STAGE 1 - Exploration and Assessment
STAGE 2 - Construction
STAGE 3 - Operation
STAGE 4 - Closure

2. MINE LIFE CYCLE, DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING, AND SUSTAINABILITY
STAGE 1 - Exploration and Assessment (1-10 years)
Exploration - Geophysics
Exploration - Drilling (1/10)
Geology - Analytical and Mineralogical Assessment
Economic Feasibility Assessment (1/10)
Orebody Modeling (1/10)
Mine Planning and Metallurgical Testwork

3. 3-D Orebody Model for Mine Planning
INCO's Research Mine at Sudbury, Ontario

4. Underground LHD
Campbell Mine, Ontario

5. Remote-LHD
Olympic Dam Mine, Australia

6. Mine Life Cycle (continued)
STAGE 2 - Construction( years )
Mine
Shaft-sinking & tunnel/stope development (U/G)
Adit & tunnel/stope development (mountain-top)
Top soil removal, key-cut, haul road development (Open-Pit)
Plant
Site Preparation, Foundations, Construction of buildings
Procurement and Installation of Equipment
Waste and Tailing Disposal
Site Selection and Preparation
Construction of Initial Coffer Dam for tailing disposal

7. Open Pit Mine
Bingham Canyon Mine

8. Open Pit Mining
Shovel Loading - Porgera Mine, Papua New Guinea

9. Strip Mining
Coal Mine Shovel-Truck Operation

10. 200 T Haulage Truck

11. Open Pits are Colorful
Florida Phosphate Mining

12. Diamond Pipe Deposit

13. Ekati Diamond Mine
Kimberlite Pipe Deposit

14. What its all about at Ekati!
Diamonds are forever!

15. Polar Diamond Certificate

16. Ekati's Polar Diamond

17. Mill Complex
Bingham Canyon Mill

18. Secondary Crushing Plant

19. Grinding Mills
Bingham Canyon Grinding Mills

20. Grinding Mills

21. Mill Control Room
Carlin Mine, Nevada

22. Separation Circuit

23. Mine Life Cycle (continued)
STAGE 3 - Operation ( years )
Mine
Blast, Load, Haul, Dump
Transport (hoist, convey, truck, rail), Stockpile
Safely Store Waste (on site or in-mine)
Mill
Crush, Grind (comminution)
Physical Separation (maybe chemical) (beneficiation)
Thicken and Filter (dewater)
Safely Store Tailing

24. Mine Life Cycle (continued)
STAGE 3 - Operation ( years )
Waste Disposal
Dump
Contour, Spread top soil
Hydro-seed and plan for final drainage
Tailing Disposal
Plan for Lifts as Tailing Dam builds
Control Water Levels
Recover water for recycle
Revegetate dam walls

25. Revegetation
Hydro-Seeding a Waste Dump

26. Tailing Dam Reclamation

27. Mine Life Cycle (continued)
STAGE 4 - Closure( years )
Mine
Flood Pit
Seal Underground workings
Long-term Acid Rock Drainage plan for waste dumps
Mill
Salvage Equipment
Raze Buildings
Contour and reseed site
Long-term ARD plan for tailing dam

28. Mine/Mill Complex
Musslewhite Mine, Ontario

29. Downstream Processing
Mine/mill complex
produces ore or concentrate or unrefined metal/product
product transported by airplane, rail, truck or ship to smelter or refinery
if leaching is used at mine/mill, unrefined metal or final product is produced
Smelting
pyrometallurgical processing (multi-stage)
roasting to partially remove/control sulfur content
melting to separate oxides from sulfides (flux and slag)
oxidation to remove sulfur and iron
need SO2 control and slag disposal system

30. Downstream Processing
Leaching
hydrometallurgical processing
vat leach, agitation leach, heap leach, in-situ leach
Pressure Oxidation or Biological Leaching
solid/liquid separation or ion adsorption process
solution purification (solvent extraction/ion exchange)
need residue disposal method (dewatering/storage)
Refining
electrometallurgical processing
electrowinning to recover metals from solution
electrorefining to purify unrefined metal
treatment of slime deposits for PMs recovery

31. Downstream Processing
Copper
Typical Mine/Mill Treatment

32. Downstream Processing
Copper
Oxide copper treatment

33. Heap Leach Operation
Installing a Plastic Membrane Liner

34. Zaldivar Copper Heap Leach

35. Downstream Processing
Complex Copper Sulfide ore
Multiple-product Circuit

36. Downstream Processing
Copper
copper/molybdenum ore

37. Downstream Processing
Copper
Mixed Sulfide/Oxide Treatment

38. Downstream Processing
Copper/Gold ore
Typical Mine/Mill Treatment

39. Downstream Processing
Gold processing options

40. Downstream Processing
Copper
LPF Processing

41. Downstream Processing
Copper
Processing Refractory Copper Ores

42. Downstream Processing
Copper/Lead/Zinc processing

43. Downstream Processing
Nickel
Typical Mine/Mill Treatment

44. Downstream Processing
Nickel
Matte Separation processing

45. Chuquicamata Mine/Mill/Smelter

46. Copper Anode Casting Wheel

47. Downstream Processing
Bauxite
Al2O3 production

48. Downstream Processing
Phosphate ore processing

49. Downstream Processing
Uranium Ore processing

50. Copper-Uranium Ore
Olympic Dam Mine, Australia

51. Downstream Processing
Coal processing

52. Downstream Processing
Coal processing

53. Downstream Processing
Coal processing

54. Downstream Processing
Coal processing

55. Downstream Processing
Coal processing

56. Sustainability Important Factors
Technical
Economic
Social/Political
Environmental
Past mining activities focussed on only the first two
The latter two have now become equally, if not
more important

57. Gold Flakes

58. Gold Panning

59. Gold Flakes

60. Grinding and Cyanide Leaching
Musslewhite Mine, Ontario

61. Smelting Gold
Campbell Mine, Ontario

62. Pouring Slag
Musslewhite Mine, Ontario

63. Pouring Gold Bullion Bars

64. What its all about!
Gold Bullion

65. Samarco Iron Ore Flowsheet

66. Samarco Iron Ore Concentrator

67. Samarco Iron Ore Pipeline

68. Iron Ore Pellets
Malmberget, Norway

69. Sustainability A Mine must plan for closure before it starts up
A mining company must always consider local communities in all parts of the world
As an industry, we must find ways to enhance our image and to influence government decision-making
Future methods must reduce the footprint of mining
no more open pits
waste returned to the mine
processing at the face
robotics and remote-mining systems

70. Sustainability Social/Political Issues
Land Use
Government policies
The Influence of Activism
Environmental concerns
Aboriginal peoples and treaties
Need for jobs and a diversified economy
In BC, the Tatsenshini/Windy Craggy decision has
had important long-term impact on Mining
Similarly, the Delgamuk decision and Nishka Treaty are important to the future of BC's mining industry

71. Sustainability
The BC Mining Industry must encourage its members to institute vertical integration policies
We need to invest in much more value-added processing (i.e. smelting and refining in BC)
Downstream manufacturing industries must be encouraged to develop in BC
This will provide the necessary systems to begin significant recycling of metals and other materials in the Pacific North-West