1. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-on Activity Training TeachEngineering Hands-on Activity: * Power, Work and the Waterwheel TeachEngineering Digital Library: teachengineering.org teachengineering.org http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waterwheel.jpg

2. TeachEngineering Digital Library The TeachEngineering digital library provides free, teacher-tested, standards-based engineering content for K-12 teachers to use in science and math classrooms. Engineering lessons and activities connect real- world experiences with curricular content already taught in K-12 classrooms. TeachEngineering's comprehensive curricula are hands-on, inexpensive, and relevant to children's daily lives. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training http://www.teachengineering.org

3. General Advice Be prepared! Do each activity beforehand Make sure all materials are available Keep students on task Follow the time frame Be flexible Have Fun!! SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/c ub_energy2/cub_energy2_lesson08_activity2.xml

4. Power, Work and the Waterwheel Students construct a waterwheel using two-liter bottles, dowel rods and index cards, and calculate the power created and work done by them. Engineering focus: o Engineering Design Process Students brainstorm, design, test, collect data, and analyze results for waterwheel blades for the purpose of creating the most efficient waterwheel Learning objectives: o Make a connection between the concepts of power and work and engineering design. o Work in a design group. o Explore nonlinear functions (ex. power is inversely proportional to time). o Collect data to solve equations and form conclusions. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Full Activity on TeachEngineering

5. Suggested time: 45 minutes Suggested group size: 4 students/group Materials o Each group needs: 2-liter bottle with caps (drill 3/8-inch holes into the end of the two-liter bottle and the cap.) * ¼ -inch dowel rod (must be longer than the 2-liter bottle) 15 index cards 1.2 meters of string scissors tape a 100-200 gram weight (about 1/3 pound) stopwatch kilogram or gram scale pitcher or water jug funnel H 2 0 Solutions Worksheet, one per person) H 2 0 Solutions Worksheet *Prepare plastic bottle and bottle cap prior to activity SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Power, Work and the Waterwheel http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/c ub_/activities/cub_mechanics/cub_mechanics_lesson05_activity1.xml

6. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Engineering Connection (Real World Application): Throughout human history, waterwheels performed many types of mechanical work: saw timber, drive pumps, run farm equipment, trip hammers, grind grains into flour, make iron products and power textile mills. Power, Work and the Waterwheel https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Rollerblade- USA-Recalls-Tempest-Inline-Skates/ http://itd.idaho.gov/transporter/2011/101411_Trans/10141 1_StuddedTires.html http://gallery.usgs.gov/tags/mine

7. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Engineering Connection (Real World Application): Today, the modern equivalents of waterwheels are the huge turbines of hydroelectric power plants, which generate electricity that we use everyday to perform all types of work: heating, cooling, refrigeration, and the powering of appliances, televisions and entertainment. Hydropower is a way to produce electricity using a renewable energy source that does not use fossil fuels, pollute or produce greenhouse gases. Such big projects require engineers to consider all the implications of their impact on the surrounding environment. Power, Work and the Waterwheel http://www.nypa.gov/facilities/niagara.htm http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kurpsai_Hydroe lectric_Station.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:POWERHOUSE,_PELTON- FRANCIS_TURBINE_(GENERATOR)_- _Yosemite_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant,_Highways_120_and_140,_Yosemite_ Village,_Mariposa_County,_CA_HAER_CAL,22-YOSEM,4-8.tif

8. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Vocabulary TermsDefinitions energy The capacity to do work. hydroelectric power (hydropower) The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. kinetic energy Energy of motion. potential energy Stored energy due to position or configuration (example: gravitational potential energy). power The rate of doing work; the amount of energy consumed per unit of time. water turbine A rotary engine that transforms the mechanical energy of moving water to electrical energy. A water turbine generates electric power from water’s kinetic energy. waterwheel A machine for converting the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power work An activity involving a force and movement in the direction of the force. Power, Work and the Waterwheel

9. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Introduction: o Power and work are important concepts that impact the engineering design of items ranging from racecar engines to elevators to power plants. High-power cars (high-horsepower) are able to accelerate very quickly and go very fast. Elevators in skyscrapers require enough power to lift many people quickly, to avoid long elevator waiting lines. Power plays an integral role in the production of hydroelectricity. o Work is measured in Joules (J) and is defined as a force acting over a distance or: Work = force x distance Power, Work and the Waterwheel http://dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/TAD/education/ECEP/diesel/f/f.htm

10. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Introduction (cont.): o In our activity today, work will be done lifting a weight. o The force term equals the weight and the distance term equals the height lifted. o Power is measured in Watts (W) and is defined by how fast work is done or: Power = Work ÷ time Power, Work and the Waterwheel

11. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Introduction (cont.): o In this activity, you are working for H 2 O Solutions, an engineering design firm that works mostly with waterwheels and water energy! o Your city wants to use hydropower instead of coal to make energy because they are worried about air pollution. The city has hired you to design an efficient watermill. o The firm (our class) has been split into several engineering teams (student groups). Each engineering team will design and test a slightly different design so that the firm can present the most efficient design to the city. o You will calculate power and work by measuring force, distance and time for your team-built waterwheel. Power, Work and the Waterwheel

12. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Before the Activity: 1.Gather supplies: Gather materials and make copies of the H 2 0 Solutions Worksheet, one per student.H 2 0 Solutions Worksheet 2.Prepare materials: Prior to the activity, drill 3/8-inch holes into the end of the two-liter bottle and the cap. This allows the bottles to spin symmetrically and freely about the dowel rod. (If you don't have the hole in the cap, the dowel rod will not spin symmetrically.). Power, Work and the Waterwheel http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activi ty.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/cub_ener gy2/cub_energy2_lesson08_activity2.xml

14. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Activity Procedure: 1.Divide the class into groups of four and pass out the materials. 2.Remind students of the context of the design challenge (they are engineers working for a firm hired to design an efficient water wheel). They should keep track of their design process using the worksheet. 3.Instruct students to attach the index cards to the sides of the two-liter bottle to create a waterwheel (open-ended). Encourage students to brainstorm different ideas of where to place the index cards. Explain that the water will be supplied from a pitcher through a funnel and the bottle will spin on the dowel rod. Power, Work and the Waterwheel http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activi ty.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/cub_ener gy2/cub_energy2_lesson08_activity2.xml http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/c ub_housing/cub_housing_lesson04_activity1.xml

15. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Activity Procedure: 4.When the students are finished with their design, have them tie the string to the cap end of the bottle so that when the bottle rotates, the string wraps around the bottle neck, pulling up the string. 5.Measure and tie a weight to the other end of the string. Make sure to record the mass of the object in kilograms (kg). (For example, 100 grams is 0.1 kg.) Multiply the mass by gravity (~10 m/s 2 ) to calculate your force in Newtons (N). Have everyone use about the same amount of weight. Make sure the weights are not too heavy to lift. (For example, 100-200 gram weights work well) Power, Work and the Waterwheel

16. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Activity Procedure: 6.Test the waterwheels by pouring water through a funnel to achieve an even flow, and timing how long it takes to lift the weight 1 meter (This is your distance). Perform this test outside or over a sink. Have two students hold the ends of the dowel rod, one student pour the water and one student time how long it takes and write it down. Make sure the funnel is only a couple of inches above the waterwheel each time. 7.Have students calculate the work and power of their waterwheel. Work = force x distance Power = Work ÷ time 8.Which team had the most power? (Answer: They will all do the same amount of work, but faster wheels will have more power!) Power, Work and the Waterwheel

17. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Assessment: o Pre-Activity Assessment o Brainstorming: In small groups, have students engage in open discussion. Remind students that no idea or suggestion is "silly." All ideas should be respectfully heard. Write down all the groups' ideas on the board to share with the class. "What features make a good waterwheel?" (Possible answers: a lot of fins/index cards to turn the wheel/bottle, each fin/index card holds a large amount of water, symmetry, etc.) o Activity Embedded Assessment o Prediction: Have each student group predict how their waterwheel is going to do and why. Based on their prediction, ask each group if their wheel will do more work or have more power than the other groups. (Answer: They will all do the same amount of work, but faster wheels will have more power.) Power, Work and the Waterwheel

18. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Assessment (cont.): o Post-Activity Assessment: Question/Answer Have students answer the following question in a short paragraph: o Explain the difference between work and power in your own words. (Answer: Work is a force acting over a distance and is measured in Joules and not dependent on time. Power is work divided by time and is measured in Watts.) Put the following problems on the board (or overhead project) and have students solve them: o Mr. Muscles loads up a bar with 910 Newtons (≈205 lbs) of weight and pushes the bar up over his head 8 times. Each time he lifts the weight.5 meters. How much work did he do? If he does the whole thing in 15 seconds, how much power did it take? (Answer: Work = 3640 Joules. Power = 242.7 Watts. See work, below.) Work = Force x Distance Force = 910 Newtons Distance =.5 meters x 8 = 4 meters Work = 910 Newtons x 4 meters = 3640 Newtonmeters = 3640 Joules Power = Work ÷ time = 3640 Joules ÷ 15 sec = 242.7 Joules/sec = 242.7 Watts o How long does it takes a swimmer with a power output of 275 Watts to accomplish 3600 J of work?. If she applied a 650 N force during that time with the same power output, how far did she swim? (Answers: Power = Work / time --> time = Work / Power = 3600 J / 275 Watts = 13.1 seconds. Power = (Force * Distance) / time --> Distance = (Power * time) / Force = (275 Watts * 13.1 seconds) / 650 N = 5.54 meters )) Power, Work and the Waterwheel

19. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Teaching tips: o Emphasize the science concepts, vocabulary, and engineering connection; reinforce these throughout the activity. o If the weight is too heavy, the waterwheel may not work. If the weight is too light, you won't get an accurate measurement of the waterwheel's power. o Make sure students do not use the dowel rods inappropriately. If testing inside and on tile, the floor may be slippery when wet. Power, Work and the Waterwheel

20. Activity Takeaways Teambuilding skills o Working together on designing, building and testing waterwheel blades Engineering skills o Engineering Design Process : Students design blades for their water wheel, test and collect data, perform calculations and analyze results. SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training http://www.buckeyeaz.gov/index.aspx?nid=163 Encouragement through hands-on learning o Students learn about engineering design, concepts of work and power, and about the use of waterwheels/water turbines. Motivation through having fun o Introduce the activity as a fun learning experience!

21. TeachEngineering Contact Information TeachEngineering: http://www.teachengineering.org/http://www.teachengineering.org/ o over 1,300 standards-based engineering lessons and activities Carleigh Samson, TeachEngineering Editor o carleigh.samson@colorado.edu carleigh.samson@colorado.edu o 303.492.6950 SHPE Foundation SHPE Jr. Chapter Curriculum Hands-On Activity Training Questions? http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Stone_Lakes/FAQ.html/