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Nervous Tissue.

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Presentation on theme: "Nervous Tissue."— Presentation transcript:

1 Nervous Tissue

2 Objectives Intoduction Morphology of a Neuron Types of Neuron
Neuroglia Myelinated and unmyelinated Axons Peripheral Nerve Sensory and motor Ganglia

3 Cellular Components of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Cellular Components of the Nervous System Neurons Wheater’s Functional Histology; 5th edition, 2006, Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Fig 7.4d Nervous tissue is the third of the four basic tissue types. Neurons have many cytoplasmic processes, and are best appreciated with special stains that employ heavy metal impregnation. These classic neuronal stains were developed by the pioneers of neuroanatomy: Ramon y Cajal and Golgi. Both neurons and supporting glia arise from the embryonic neuroectoderm. Glia (support cells)

4 Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch
Generic neuron Large cell body (aka soma or perikaryon) Large, euchromatic nucleus (and usually a prominent nucleolus) Extensive cytoplasmic extensions: Dendrite(s): single or multiple extensions specialized for receiving input Axon: single, large extension specialized for conveying output (in humans, can be up to 1.5m in length) Human Histology, 2nd edition, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby; Fig. 6-1

5 Motor neuron with Nissl bodies
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Motor neuron with Nissl bodies D NU N D NB NB AH V Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange; Fig 6-4 A D A-axon D-dendrite N-nucleus NB-Nissl body AH-axon hillock V-blood vessel NU-nucleolus

6 Nissl substance is rough endoplasmic reticulum
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Nissl substance is rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993; Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.; Page 127

7 Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch
Synapses can form between many different parts of neurons and between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell, e.g., a muscle or a secretory cell. A single neuron can receive activating or inhibiting inputs from thousands of synaptic connections. Human Histology, 2nd edition, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby ; Fig 6.7 and The Molecular Biology of the Cell by B. Alberts et al., 4th edition, 2002, Garland Science Fig A motor neuron in the spinal cord. Panel B courtesy of Olaf Mundigl and Pietro de Camilli Motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord

8 Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch
Conduction velocity in the axon is enhanced by myelination axons in the CNS are myelinated by oligodendrocytes axons in the PNS are myelinated by Schwann cells Diagram from Kelley, Kaye and Pawlina, "Histology, a Text and Atlas," 4th ed., page Neuron-Ross4-284.tif.

9 Myelinated Nerve Fiber
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Myelinated Nerve Fiber The increased lipid content of the myelin sheath provides electrical insulation for the underlying axon. Myelin Sheath Wheater’s Functional Histology; 5th edition, Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath; Churchill Livingstone, Fig. 7.6 A, axon; S, Schwann cell nucleus. Demyelinating diseases result in decreased or lost ability to transmit electrical signals along nerve fibers. Guillain-Barre syndrome is the most common life-treatening disease of PNS. It is characterized by inflammatory response around nerve fibers (accumulation of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages around and within nerves, consistent with a T-cell mediated immune response against myelin. Can be triggered by a respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, but the etiology is not known. The symptoms include tingling or crawling sensation, ascending weakness or paralysis, loss of muscle coordination and loss of cutaneous sensation.

10 Each Schwann cell myelinates a single internode
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Each Schwann cell myelinates a single internode A single Schwann cell produces a single segment of myelin sheath along an individual nerve fiber. In contrast, each myelinating glial cell in the central nervous system, called oligodendrocytes, can myelinate up to 50 individual axons. Internode length can be up to 1.5 mm in the largest nerve fibers

11 Nodes of Ranvier in a longitudinal nerve section
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Color Atlas of Histology; 1992; Erlandsen and Magney; Mosby Book; Fig. 9-13 Nodes of Ranvier in a longitudinal nerve section

12 Small diameter nerve fibers are non-myelinated
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Small diameter nerve fibers are non-myelinated Wheater’s Functional Histology; 5th edition, 2006, Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; Fig 7.5b S, Schwann cell; F, fibroblast; A, axon; C, connective tissue (endoneurium). Unmyelinated (or non-myelinated) fibers include autonomic nerve fibers and sensory fibers carrying pain inputs. Each Schwann cell can enwrap several fibers.

13 Three different basic types of neuronal structure
Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch Three different basic types of neuronal structure Human Histology, 2nd edition, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby ; Fig.6.3

14 Multipolar neurons

15 Multipolar neurons

16 Neurons and Neuroglia

17 Nerve cell body surrounded by Neuropil
Purkinje cells of the Cerebellum (Golgi Stain)

18 Spinal cord stained with silver

19 Pyramidal cell from Cerebral Cortex (Golgi Stain)
Section of Spinal cord

20 Cell body of Motor Neuron from spinal cord
Nerve cell body from Spinal cord

21 Multipolar neurons

22 Unipolar Neurons

23 Unipolar neurons

24 Myelinated axons

25 Spinal cord and Dorsal Root Ganglion
Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal horn (Lateral horn) if present Ventral horn Ventral median fissure Dorsal root ganglion (DRG)

26 Myelinated Axons

27 EM picture of Myelinated Axons

28 Peripheral Nerve

29 Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch
Connective tissue layers found in nerves: endoneurium surrounds axons, perineurium axon fascicles and epineurium the entire nerve Human Histology, 2nd edition, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby ; Fig. 6.20

30 Peripheral Nervous System Histology Lecture 2004 Michael Hortsch
Connective tissue layers in a peripheral nerve. Tight junctions between perineurium cells form a important isolating barrier. Epineurium Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003; Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill; Fig 9-34 Endoneurium surrounds individual axons (nerve fibers) within a fascicle, perineurium surrounds bundles (fascicles) of nerve fibers, epineurium surrounds fascicles and forms a denser sheath around the entire nerve. Perineurial cells are derived from fibroblasts. Perineurium

31 Myleinated Nerve

32 Myelinated Axons

33 Nervous tissue in PNS Teased myelinated nerve fibre stained with osmium tetraoxide Myelinated Nerve stained with silver

34 Neuroglial cells Supporting, Non-neuronal cells
Much smaller than the neurons 10 times more numerous than neurons 4 types: Astrocytes(Fibrous and Protoplasmic), oligodendroctes, microglial cells

35

36 Neuroglial cells Oligodendrocyte Fibrous Astrocyte Microglial cells

37 Astrocytes

38 Astrocytes Many short thick processes.
Predominantly seen in gray matter. Function:Supportive, Nutritive, Repair, barrier to diffusion of toxic substances

39 Ganglia Sensory Ganglia Example:Spinal Ganglion
Large, rounded Pseudounipolar cells Nucleus is centrally placed Found in groups Well defined Satellite cells present. Motor ganglia Known as Autonomic or Sympathetic ganglia. Small angular multipolar Neurons Nucleus eccentrically placed Found Scattered Poorly defined satellite cells prsent

40 Spinal Ganglion

41 Autonomic Ganglia

42 MCQ Pseudounipolar cells are found in the following ganglion:
1. Spinal 2.Spiral 3.Sympathetic 4.Parasympathetic

43 MCQ The connective tissue sheath around a nerve is called
1.Endoneurium 2.Perineurium 3.Epineurium 4.Neurilemma

44 MCQ Section of the sympathetic ganglion can be identified by the presence of 1.Large Pseudo-unipolar neurons 2. Small multiple neurons 3. Bipolar Neurons 4.Well dveloped satellite cells

45 Spinal cord

46 Cerebrum

47 Pacinian Corpuscle

48 Central Canal of Spinal Cord

49 Cerebellum

50

51

52

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