1. Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

2. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models
One-Dimensional Models (single Paradigm)
A conceptual approach
Could mean an emphasis on a specific cause of abnormal behavior
Problems occur when information from other areas is ignored
Multidimensional Models (draws from multiple paradigms)
Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
“System” of influences that cause and maintain suffering
Draws upon information from several sources
View abnormal behavior as multiply determined

3. Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior
Biological Factors (genetics, physiology, neurobiology)
Learning Factors (conditioning, modeling)
Emotional Factors
Cognitive Factors
Social Factors
Cultural Factors

4. Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior (cont.)
Figure 2.1
Judy’s case one-dimensional or multidimensional models

5. Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology
Biological Paradigm
Phenotype vs. genotype

6. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects
Gene-Environment Interactions
The Diathesis-Stress Model
Predisposition
Stress

8. Ways to study Behavioral Genetics
Family Method
Index cases
Twin Studies DZ MZ
Adoptees Method

9. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology
The Field of Neuroscience
The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic and autonomic branches

10. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology (cont.)
Figure 2.4
Divisions of the nervous system (from Goldstein, 1994)

11. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System
The Neuron
Soma – Cell body
Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons
Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons
Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent
Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons
Neurons Function Electrically, but Communicate Chemically
Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers

12. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System (cont.)
Figure 2.5
Transmission of information from one neuron to another

13. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters
Functions of Neurotransmitters
Agonists
Antagonists

14. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters
Main Types and Functions of Neurotransmitters
Serotonin (SSRIs & St. John’s wort) -
Regulates behaviors, moods, thoughts
Tx Depression by ^ serotonin
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and benzodiazepines
Reduces postsynaptic activity, which inhibits behavior and emotions
Tx Anxiety by ^ GABA
Norepinephrine and beta blockers
Tx block receptors of norepinephrine reduces Arousal & anxiety
Dopamine
Tx Schizophrenia by blocking receptors (lowers Dop)

15. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters (cont.)
Figure 2.11
Manipulating serotonin in the brain

16. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
Hindbrain
Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
Pons – Regulates sleep stages
Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination
Midbrain
Coordinates movement with sensory input
Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS)

17. Neuroscience and the Brain Structure
Limbic System
Thalamus – Receives and integrates sensory information
Hypothalamus – Controls eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity
Regulates emotions and expressions

18. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing
Two specialized hemispheres (left and right) joined by the corpus callosum

19. Neuroscience and the Brain Structure
Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory
Parietal – Touch recognition
Occipital – Integrates visual input
Temporal – Recognition of sounds and long-term memory storage

20. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Somatic Branch of PNS
Controls voluntary muscles and movement
Autonomic Branch of the PNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS
Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature
Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion
The Endocrine System
Hormones

21. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems (cont.)
Figure 2.9
Location of some of the major endocrine glands

22. EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL PARADIGM
Biological researchers have made great progress in elucidating brain‑behavior relationships.
Biologically based research on both causes and treatment of psychopathology is proceeding at a rapid rate, as we will see when we discuss specific psychopathologies
Caution against reductionism
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

23. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science
Conditioning and Cognitive Processes
Respondent and operant learning
Learned helplessness
Modeling and vicarious learning
Prepared learning
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Beck
Cognitive distortions
Ellis
Irrational beliefs

24. EVALUATING THE COGNITIVE PARADIGM
Interventions based on cognitive theories have received more empirical research support than any other intervention.
Cognitive explanations of psychopathology tend to focus more on current determinants of a disorder and less on its cause.

25. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology
The Nature of Emotion
To motivate us
Action tendency different from affect and mood
Intimately tied with several forms of psychopathology
Components of Emotion
Behavior, physiology, and cognition
Example of fear
Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation

26. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (cont.)
Figure 2.15
Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition, and physiology

27. Cultural and Social Factors in Psychopathology
Cultural Factors
Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behavior
Gender Effects
Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology
Social Relationships
Frequency and quality related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology
Stigma

28. Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over Psychopathology
Life-Span Developmental Perspective
Addresses developmental changes
Such changes influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal
The Principle of Equifinality
Several paths to a given outcome
Paths may operate differentially at different developmental stages

29. Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology
Multiple Causation
Is the rule, not the exception in explaining normal and abnormal behavior
Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective
Addressing biological, psychological, social, cultural, and developmental factors
Useful in Understanding the Causes of Psychopathology and its Alleviation