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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Excretion The removal of organic waste products from body fluids Elimination The discharge of waste products into the environment Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma Regulating blood volume and pressure Regulating plasma ion concentrations Stabilizing blood pH Conserving nutrients Functions of the urinary system
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.1 Figure 26.1 An introduction to the Urinary System
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.2 The Position of the Kidneys Figure 26.2a, b
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.3 Figure 26.3 The Urinary System in Gross Dissection
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial outer cortex and inner medulla The medulla consists of 6-18 renal pyramids The cortex is composed of roughly 1.25 million nephrons Major and minor calyces along with the pelvis drain urine to the ureters Sectional anatomy of the kidneys
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.4a, b Figure 26.4 The Structure of the Kidney
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.5 The Blood Supply to the Kidneys Figure 26.5c, d
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.5 The Blood Supply to the Kidneys Figure 26.5a, b
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.6 A Representative Nephron Figure 26.6
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Production of filtrate Reabsorption of organic nutrients Reabsorption of water and ions Secretion of waste products into tubular fluid Nephron functions include:
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cortical nephrons ~85% of all nephrons Located in the cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons Closer to renal medulla Loops of Henle extend deep into renal pyramids Two types of nephron
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.7a Figure 26.7 Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.7b, c Figure 26.7 Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle Figure 26.8a, b
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle Figure 26.8c, d
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Actively reabsorbs nutrients, plasma proteins and ions from filtrate Released into peritubular fluid Loop of Henle Descending limb Ascending limb Each limb has a thick and thin section Functional anatomy of the nephron Animation: Urinary System Anatomy PLAY
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs Reabsorbs sodium ions from tubular fluid Functional anatomy of the nephron Animation: Urinary System Dissection and Flythrough PLAY
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 26-3 Principles of Renal Physiology
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulating blood volume and composition Excreting waste products Urea Creatinine Uric acid Urine production maintains homeostasis
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Filtration Blood pressure Water and solutes across glomerular capillaries Reabsorption The removal of water and solutes from the filtrate Secretion Transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid Basic processes of urine formation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Filtration in the kidneys modified by carrier mediated transport Facilitated diffusion Active transport Cotransport Countertransport Carrier proteins have a transport maximum (T m ) Determines renal threshold Carrier Mediated Transport
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accomplished via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier- mediated transport T m determines renal threshold for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid Reabsorption and secretion
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.9 An Overview of Urine Formation Figure 26.9
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration Figure 26.10
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration Figure 26.10a, b
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute Factors that alter filtration pressure change GFR Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A drop in filtration pressure stimulates Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Releases renin and erythropoietin Factors controlling the GFR
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.11a Figure 26.11 The Response to a Reduction in the GFR
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.11b Figure 26.11 The Response to a Reduction in the GFR
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Produces powerful vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles Decreases GFR and slows production of filtrate Changes the regional pattern of blood flow Alters GFR Stimulates release of renin by JGA Sympathetic activation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glomerular filtration produces fluid similar to plasma without proteins The PCT reabsorbs 60-70% of the filtrate produced Reabsorption of most organic nutrients Active and passive reabsorption of sodium and other ions Reabsorption of water Secretion also occurs in the PCT Reabsorption and secretion at the PCT Animation: Early Filtrate Processing PLAY Animation: Glomerular filtration PLAY
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.12 Transport Activities at the PCT Animation: Proximal Convoluted Tubule PLAY Figure 26.12
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The loop of Henle and countercurrent multiplication Countercurrent multiplication Between ascending and descending limbs of loop Creates osmotic gradient in medulla Facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes before the DCT Permits passive reabsorption of water from tubular fluid
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.13a Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.13b Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.13c Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DCT performs final adjustment of urine Active secretion or absorption Absorption Tubular cells actively resorb Na + and Cl - In exchange for potassium or hydrogen ions (secreted) Reabsorption and secretion at the DCT
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.14 Figure 26.14 Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT Animation: Distal Convoluted Tubule PLAY
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.14c Figure 26.14 Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reabsorption and secretion along the collecting system Water and solute loss is regulated by aldosterone and ADH Reabsorption Sodium ion, bicarbonate, and urea are resorbed Secretion pH is controlled by secretion of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of urine volume and osmotic concentration Urine volume and osmotic concentration are regulated by controlling water reabsorption Precise control allowed via facultative water reabsorption
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.15 Figure 26.15 The Effects of ADH on the DCT and Collecting Ducts
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.15a, b Figure 26.15 The Effects of ADH on the DCT and Collecting Ducts
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Removes solutes and water Balances solute reabsorption and osmosis in the medulla Function of the vasa recta
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.16 A Summary of Renal Function Figure 26.16a
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