1. Chapter Eleven Cost Behavior, Operating Leverage, and Profitability Analysis © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Fixed Cost Behavior Consider the following concert example where the band will be paid $48,000 regardless of the number of tickets sold. When activity.... 11-2

3. Fixed Cost Behavior $48,000 ÷ 3,000 Tickets = $16.00 per Ticket 11-3

4. Operating Leverage A measure of the extent to which fixed costs are being used in an organization. Operating leverage is greatest in companies that have a high proportion of fixed costs in relation to variable costs. A measure of the extent to which fixed costs are being used in an organization. Operating leverage is greatest in companies that have a high proportion of fixed costs in relation to variable costs. Consider the following concert example where all costs are fixed. Fixed Costs Small percentage change in revenue Large percentage change in profits 11-4

5. Operating Leverage When all costs are fixed, every additional sales dollar contributes one dollar to gross profit. 10% Revenue Increase 90% Gross Profit Increase 11-5

6. Shifting the cost structure from fixed to variable not only reduces risk but also the potential for profits. Risk and Reward Assessment 10% Revenue Increase 10% Gross Profit Increase 11-6

7. Risk and Reward Assessment Risk refers to the possibility that sacrifices may exceed benefits. Risk may be reduced by converting fixed costs into variable costs. Let’s see what happens to the concert example if the band receives $16 per ticket sold instead of a fixed $48,000. 11-7

8. The total variable cost increases in direct proportion to the number of tickets sold. Variable unit cost per ticket remains at $16 regardless of the number of tickets sold. Variable Cost Behavior 11-8

9. Variable Cost Behavior Total variable cost increases in direct proportion to the number of units sold. The behavior of variable cost per unit is contradictory to the word variable, because variable cost per unit remains constant regardless of how many units are sold. 11-9

10. Variable Cost Behavior When activity... Consider the concert example where a band receives $16 for each ticket sold. The more sold will increase the band’s take from the concert, but they can only receive a constant $16 from each individual ticket sold. 11-10

11. For Biltmore, this means that a 10 % increase in sales results in a 40 % increase in net income (or 10% x 4). Measuring Operating Leverage Using Contribution Margin $140 $20 Bragg Operating Leverage = = 7 Biltmore Operating Leverage = $80 $20 = 4 11-11

12. Variable Costs Fixed Costs Effect of Cost Structure on Profit Stability 11-12

13. Mixed, or Semivariable, Costs Mixed costs ( or semivariable costs) include both fixed and variable components. For example, Star Productions, Inc., has to pay a janitorial company a base fee of $1,000 plus $20 per hour required to do each cleanup job. The $1,000 base fee is fixed. The $20 per hour is variable. If 60 hours are required to accomplish a cleanup, the total mixed cost is: $1,000 + ($20 x 60 hours) = $2,200 11-13

14. Activity Total Cost Relevant Range The Relevant Range Our variable cost assumption (constant unit variable cost) applies within the relevant range. Possible Variable Cost Behavior Our Variable Cost Assumption 11-14

15. The Equation Method At the break-even point: Sales = Variable cost + Fixed cost At the break-even point: Sales = Variable cost + Fixed cost We can look at the above equation like this: 11-15

16. Determining the Contribution Margin per Unit The contribution margin per bottle of Delatine is: Break-even volume in units = Fixed costs Contribution margin per unit = $60,000 $12 = 5,000 units 11-16

17. Determining the Break-even Point Break-even volume in dollars = Fixed costs Contribution margin ratio = $60,000.33333 = $180,000 The break-even sales volume expressed in dollars can also be determined by dividing the fixed cost by the contribution margin ratio (which is contribution margin divided by sales) computed using either total or per unit figures. Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin ÷ Sales $60,000 $60,000 / $180,000 = 11-17

18. Calculating the Margin of Safety Margin of safety = Budgeted sales – Break-even sales Budgeted sales Margin of safety = $122,500 – $52,500 $122,500 57.14% = 57.14% 11-18

19. End of Chapter Eleven 11-19