1. Eco Terrorism in America Dr. Alison Meek Department of History King’s University College  The Evolution of the Environmental Movement  Earth First! and ELF  The Animal Liberation Front (ALF)  Response

2. Terrorism what is terrorism? FBI º domestic terrorism “the unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the US and Puerto Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives” º eco/animal rights terrorist as #1 threat ∞ why?

3. Eco Terrorism evolution of movements to terrorist groups º fringe/splinter º asymmetrical warfare º media attention

4. Evolution of the Environmental Movement conservation º National Parks Rachel Caron, Silent Spring, 1962 º pesticides

5. government legislation, 1960s-1970s º water º EPA º Earth Day, April 1970

6. Environmental Radicalism Greenpeace, 1972 º Canadians º whaling & seals º nuclear testing º nonviolence º violent response

7. Environmental Radicalism Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 1977 º Paul Watson º whaling º net cutting º bombs º ram and sink ships

8. Deep Ecology bio-centricism

9. Deep Ecology environmental equality º all life forms º mountains and streams º viruses radical changes needed º human population º pre-industrial society

11. Earth First! (1980) targets º corporate industrialism º over population º energy consumption º resource consumption º pollution

12. tactics º no compromise º monkeywrenching ∞ public awareness ∞ inflict economic damage

13. Earth First! monkeywrenching º survey stakes º vehicle destruction º tree sitting º power lines º tree spiking

15. Earth First! Glen Canyon Dam, 1981 FBI sting, 1990 splits emerging

16. Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 1992 direct action º vandalism º arson

17. targets º “real terrorists” º McDonald’s º Forest Service stations º condos ∞ San Diego, 2003 º SUVs and dealerships

18. Vail, October 1998 º mountain lynx

20. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) England, 1976 America, 1979 targets º university labs (UWO) º McDonald’s º pet stores

21. tactics º fire/arson

22. tactics º vandalism

23. tactics º animal liberation º Operation Bite Back, 1990s ∞ fur farms and labs º problems animal deaths in the wild

24. Organizational Structure leaderless cells º 2-5 people benefits? dangers?

25. Government Backlash Congressional hearings º PETA and funding legal protection ‘Animal Enterprises’

26. FBI and Eco Radicals FBI categorize as #1 domestic terrorist threat º militias º anti-abortion terrorists º religious terrorists why?