1. Ethical publishing by doing the right things Moderated by Mirjam Curno Presented by Thomas Babor and Joseph Amon

2. What is right and what is wrong “It is not cruel to inflict on a few criminals sufferings which may benefit multitudes of innocent people through all centuries." (1 st Century physician Celsius) “The study was approved by the Makerere University Faculty of Medicine Research and Ethics committee,” “Parents of all children provided written informed consent and children over eight years also provided assent.” (JIAS Pilyoya et al. 2012)

4. Who is responisble? Researchers Ethics Review Boards Reviewers Editors Funding bodies National laws Human rights

6. Safeguarding the literature

8. The Seven Deadly Sins in Scientific Publishing and How to Avoid Them Thomas Babor University of Connecticut School of Medicine

9. Why Ethical Issues are Important Rates of detection are low but violations, especially less serious infractions, are considered prevalent Rates of detection are low but violations, especially less serious infractions, are considered prevalent Compliance review and other ethical requirements are increasing (e.g., human subjects committees) Compliance review and other ethical requirements are increasing (e.g., human subjects committees) Ethical violations affect the quality and integrity of science Ethical violations affect the quality and integrity of science

10. Ethical Issues: Authors’ Seven Deadly Sins SinExamplesPunishments 1Carelessness Citation bias, understatement, negligence Request for correction, letter to editor 2 Redundant publication Same tables or literature review reported without noting prior source Rejection of manuscript. Copyright infringement 3 Unfair authorship Failure to include eligible authors, Honorary authors Angry colleagues, complaints to editor or employer 4 Undeclared Conflict of Interest Failure to cite funding source Letter to editor, public apology 5 Human/animal subjects violations No approval from Review Board or Ethics Committee Rejection of manuscript & notification of employer 6Plagiarism Reproducing others’ work or ideas without as one’s own Retraction of manuscript & notification of employer 7 Other Fraud Fabrication of falsification of data, Misappropriation of others ideas or plans given in confidence Retraction of manuscript, notification of employer & publication ban

11. The Seven Deadly Sins: Journal Author Declarations Authorship Statement – Declaration of substantive contribution signed by all authors Authorship Statement – Declaration of substantive contribution signed by all authors Conflict of Interest Statement – Declaration of real and apparent Conflicts of Interest, in language comprehensible to average reader, signed by all authors Conflict of Interest Statement – Declaration of real and apparent Conflicts of Interest, in language comprehensible to average reader, signed by all authors Redundant Publication Statement – Declaration that the work has not been published previously in whole or in part Redundant Publication Statement – Declaration that the work has not been published previously in whole or in part Human/animal subjects Statement – Declaration that the study was reviewed by an Ethical Review Committee Human/animal subjects Statement – Declaration that the study was reviewed by an Ethical Review Committee Duplicate submissions - Declaration that the work has not been published, or is not being considered for publication, by another journal Duplicate submissions - Declaration that the work has not been published, or is not being considered for publication, by another journal

12. Integrity in Research Publishing Intellectual honesty in reporting research Intellectual honesty in reporting research Accuracy in representing contributions of other scientists Accuracy in representing contributions of other scientists Collegiality in scientific interactions, including communications and sharing of information Collegiality in scientific interactions, including communications and sharing of information Transparency in conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest Transparency in conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest Protection of human subjects in the conduct of research Protection of human subjects in the conduct of research Humane care of animals in the conduct of research Humane care of animals in the conduct of research Adherence to the mutual authorship responsibilities between investigators and their research teams. Adherence to the mutual authorship responsibilities between investigators and their research teams. Adapted from Institute of Medicine (2002)

13. A word on ethics and broader structural issues Why does sex and gender matter in science? Gender inequities with regard to research questions, research participants, scientific workforce, and journal decision-making Why does sex and gender matter in science? Gender inequities with regard to research questions, research participants, scientific workforce, and journal decision-making Recent initiatives to address gender in science. Bibliometrics, NIH requirements, affirmtive action, common standards Recent initiatives to address gender in science. Bibliometrics, NIH requirements, affirmtive action, common standards