Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia.

Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia Sousa taniasousa@ist.utl.pt

Energy Units and Scales How much energy should we ingest daily? How much energy do you spend per hour using an electric heater?

Energy Units and Scales IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (kJ) IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (MJ-GJ or kWh=3.6MJ) IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87GJ) IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87GJ) In early agricultural societies –10-20 GJ/capita/year –2/3 for food and feed –1/3 for cooking, heating and early industrial activities In UK in the mid-19 th century –100 GJ/capita/year In Portugal in 2010 –108 GJ/capita/year

Forms of Energy - Primary energy

Forms of Energy - Final energy

Forms of Energy – Useful Energy

Forms of Energy Primary energy – embodied in resources as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas in the ground) Final energy – sold to final consumers such as households or firms (electricity, diesel, processed natural gas) Useful energy – in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport) Productive energy – the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

From Primary Energy to Energy Services

IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 Energy Supply energy flows driven by resource availability and conversion technologies

From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 The energy supply sector dealing with primary energy is referred as “upstream” activities

From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 The energy supply sector dealing with secondary energy is referred as “downstream” activities

From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 Energy Demand Energy system is service driven

From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 Quality and cost of energy services

Energetic Balance Where are the primary and final energies in the energetic balance? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep Total de CarvãoTotal de Petróleo Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 2008 4 = 1 a 322= 15 + 212330 = 24 a 2936 = 31 a 35373846 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37+ 38+46 IMPORTAÇÕES1.2 327 21916 608 3844 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 8003 190 6794 372 817 VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3.- 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 SAÍDAS 4. 24 9493 680 661 112 918 17 6343 836 162 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5.2 525 87312 612 0504 157 207 1 953 404 39 8003 173 88224 462 216 PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA6.2 444 7031 079 1372 597 143 -2 810 996-1 472 450 1 1201 367 3913 206 048 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 31 407 519 CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 1709 781 6951 503 961 4 159 0991 201 714 38 6801 806 48818 572 807 ACERTOS9. 9 851- 47 340- 1 382 12 279- 38 580 CONSUMO FINAL10. 71 3199 829 0351 505 343 4 159 0871 201 714 38 6801 806 20918 611 387 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS10.3 71 3191 085 7881 027 157 1 340 0091 154 293 38 680 615 3825 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 4526 736 964 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 7503 191 292 SERVIÇOS10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 5792 111 677

Energetic Balance Where are the primary and final energies in the energetic balance? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep Total de CarvãoTotal de Petróleo Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 2008 4 = 1 a 322= 15 + 212330 = 24 a 2936 = 31 a 35373846 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37 +38+46 IMPORTAÇÕES1.2 327 21916 608 3844 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 8003 190 6794 372 817 VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3.- 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 SAÍDAS 4. 24 9493 680 661 112 918 17 6343 836 162 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5.2 525 87312 612 0504 157 207 1 953 404 39 8003 173 88224 462 216 PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6.2 444 7031 079 1372 597 143 -2 810 996-1 472 450 1 1201 367 3913 206 048 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 31 407 519 CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 1709 781 6951 503 961 4 159 0991 201 714 38 6801 806 48818 572 807 ACERTOS9. 9 851- 47 340- 1 382 12 279- 38 580 CONSUMO FINAL10. 71 3199 829 0351 505 343 4 159 0871 201 714 38 6801 806 20918 611 387 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS 10.3 71 3191 085 7881 027 157 1 340 0091 154 293 38 680 615 3825 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 4526 736 964 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 7503 191 292 SERVIÇOS10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 5792 111 677

Energetic Balance Where is the useful energy in the energetic balance? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep Total de CarvãoTotal de Petróleo Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 2008 4 = 1 a 322= 15 + 212330 = 24 a 2936 = 31 a 35373846 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37 +38+46 IMPORTAÇÕES1.2 327 21916 608 3844 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 8003 190 6794 372 817 VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3.- 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 SAÍDAS 4. 24 9493 680 661 112 918 17 6343 836 162 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5.2 525 87312 612 0504 157 207 1 953 404 39 8003 173 88224 462 216 PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6.2 444 7031 079 1372 597 143 -2 810 996-1 472 450 1 1201 367 3913 206 048 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 31 407 519 CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 1709 781 6951 503 961 4 159 0991 201 714 38 6801 806 48818 572 807 ACERTOS9. 9 851- 47 340- 1 382 12 279- 38 580 CONSUMO FINAL10. 71 3199 829 0351 505 343 4 159 0871 201 714 38 6801 806 20918 611 387 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS 10.3 71 3191 085 7881 027 157 1 340 0091 154 293 38 680 615 3825 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 4526 736 964 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 7503 191 292 SERVIÇOS10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 5792 111 677

Energetic Balance How do you go from final to useful energy for household electricity consumption? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep Total de CarvãoTotal de Petróleo Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 2008 4 = 1 a 322= 15 + 212330 = 24 a 2936 = 31 a 35373846 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37 +38+46 IMPORTAÇÕES1.2 327 21916 608 3844 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 8003 190 6794 372 817 VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3.- 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 SAÍDAS 4. 24 9493 680 661 112 918 17 6343 836 162 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5.2 525 87312 612 0504 157 207 1 953 404 39 8003 173 88224 462 216 PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6.2 444 7031 079 1372 597 143 -2 810 996-1 472 450 1 1201 367 3913 206 048 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 31 407 519 CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 1709 781 6951 503 961 4 159 0991 201 714 38 6801 806 48818 572 807 ACERTOS9. 9 851- 47 340- 1 382 12 279- 38 580 CONSUMO FINAL10. 71 3199 829 0351 505 343 4 159 0871 201 714 38 6801 806 20918 611 387 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS 10.3 71 3191 085 7881 027 157 1 340 0091 154 293 38 680 615 3825 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 4526 736 964 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 7503 191 292 SERVIÇOS10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 5792 111 677

Useful Energy How do you go from final to useful energy for household electricity consumption? Electrical resistance100% Electrical motor90% Fluorescent lamp50% Refrigerator200% Heat pump250%

Sankey diagrams Schematic representation of the energy flow Miguel Águas (2009)

Sankey Diagram for Portugal for 2010 BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo Gás Natural Total de Eletricidade Renováveis Sem Eletricidade TOTAL GERAL 2010 4 = 1 a 322= 15 + 212336 = 31 a 3546 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+ 37+38+46 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA5.1 656 75711 241 1294 506 8172 474 5073 168 35123 101 751 PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA6.1 597 427 563 7782 857 644-2 403 9681 819 1952 846 994 Produtos de Petróleo 6.3 - 321 179 321 473- 8 290 Eletricidade 6.61 597 427 285 3971 740 776-1 787 691 456 7922 299 882 Cogeração 6.7 562 5801 116 868- 616 2771 040 930 555 402 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO7. 277 453 134 954 589 099 101 252 656 Consumo Próprio da Refinação 7.1 215 503 121 238 45 829 633 710 Perdas da Refinação 7.2 58 915 10 58 925 Centrais Eléctricas 7.4 3 035 128 271 131 306 Bombagem Hidroeléctrica 7.5 44 032 Perdas de Transporte e Distribuição 7.8 13 716 370 355 384 071 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL8. 59 3309 111 2571 514 2194 289 3761 349 14617 713 460 ACERTOS9. 9 130 4 999 4 761- 132 14 762 CONSUMO FINAL10. 50 2009 106 2581 514 2154 288 6151 349 27817 698 698 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS 10.1 360 870 3 511 88 164 65 455 009 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRATIVAS 10.2 62 582 7 951 47 271 91 151 412 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS 10.3 50 200 825 308 971 7261 331 090 590 1335 101 671 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10.4 493 136 9 218 52 436 554 790 TRANSPORTES 10.5 6 430 400 12 581 40 857 4 2336 488 071 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO 10.6 679 765 300 2661 248 873 724 9802 953 884 SERVIÇOS 10.7 254 197 208 9621 479 924 29 7761 993 861

Sankey diagram for Portugal 2010

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to final energy? IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012 US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1.1 EJ ? ?

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to final energy? 66% IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012 US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1.1 EJ ? ?

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to useful energy? IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012 US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1.1 EJ ? ?

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to useful energy? 34% IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012 US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1.1 EJ ? ?

Typical values of 1 st law efficiencies 1 st Law efficiencies from primary to final energy 1 st Law efficiencies from final to useful energy

Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service Example?

Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service Schematic representation of the energy flow (natural gas electricity light reading) What is the aggregate efficiency? 20% 50%

What is the 1 st Law efficiency in a heat pump? Are there 1 st law efficiencies > 1?

What is the 1 st Law efficiency in a heat pump? Typical values of  between 3 – 5 What is the Sankey diagram like? Are there 1 st law efficiencies > 1?

Sankey Diagram A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1.Draw the Sankey Diagram

A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1.Draw the Sankey Diagram 2.What is the overall efficiency? Sankey Diagram Coal Mine Coal at the Power Plant Electricity 40% 93% Coal at the coal mine Coal at the Power Plant Electricity at the Power Plant 7% 60% 1 Mcal = 4.187 MJ 1 toe = 41868 MJ 1 MWh = 3600 MJ

A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1.Draw the Sankey Diagram 2.What is the overall efficiency? 3.What is the coefficient of conversion between final and primary energy in MWh e /TOE? Sankey Diagram Coal Mine Coal at the Power Plant Electricity 40% 93% Coal at the coal mine Coal at the Power Plant Electricity at the Power Plant 7% 60% Eficiency = 2600/7000 = 37% 1 Mcal = 4.187 MJ 1 toe = 41868 MJ 1 MWh = 3600 MJ

A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1.Draw the Sankey Diagram 2.What is the overall efficiency? 3.What is the coefficient of conversion between final and primary energy in MWh e /TOE? Sankey Diagram Coal Mine Coal at the Power Plant Electricity 40% 93% 1 Mcal = 4.187 MJ 1 toe = 41868 MJ 1 MWh = 3600 MJ

Conversion between F.E and P.E Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and not direct conversions –From coal (P.E) to electricity (F.E) –Direct conversion ??????????

Conversion between F.E and P.E Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and not direct conversions –From coal (P.E) to electricity (F.E) –Direct conversion

Conversion between F.E and P.E Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and not direct conversions –From coal (P.E) to electricity (F.E) –Direct conversion What about the conversion coefficient from natural gas to electricity?

Are first law efficiencies enough? Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods: 1.Electrical heating using the Joule effect 2.Central heating 3.Heating using a heat pump

Are first law efficiencies enough? Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods: 1.Electrical heating using the Joule effect 2.Central heating (burning natural gas in a furnace with a 90% efficiency) 3.Heating using a heat pump (COP=3). Suppose that electricity has a production efficiency of 45% and costs 0.12 euros per kWh, natural gas is transported with a 99% efficiency, and costs 0.0708 euros per kWh. a)Compare the alternatives in terms of primary energy, final energy and cost for 1 kWh of thermal energy. Draw the Sankey Diagrams

Are first law efficiencies enough? Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods: 1.Electrical heating using the Joule effect 2.Central heating (burning natural gas in a furnace with a 90% efficiency) 3.Heating using a heat pump (COP=3). Suppose that electricity has a production efficiency of 45% and costs 0.12 euros per kWh, natural gas is transported with a 99% efficiency, and costs 0.0708 euros per kWh. a)Compare the alternatives in terms of primary energy, final energy and cost for 1 kWh of thermal energy. Draw the Sankey Diagrams Electrical ResistanceCentral HeatingHeat Pump Primary (kWh)1/0.45=2.22(1/0.90)/0.99=1.12(1/3)/0.45=0.74 Final (kWh)11/0.90=1.111/3=0.33 Useful (kWh)111 Cost (euros)1*0.12((1/0.9))*0.07081/3*0.12

Are first law efficiencies enough? Providing 1 kWh of heat at 30ºC to a building with an outside temperature of 4ºC First law efficiencies do not provide information on how much you can improve your efficiency Electrical Resistance Central Heating Heat Pump Ideal Heat Pump Final (kWh)11/0.901/31/12 Useful (kWh) 1111 First Law  100%90%300%1200%

Second law efficiencies Ratio between 1 st law real and best efficiencies Providing 1 kWh of heat at 30ºC to a building with an outside temperature of 4ºC Second law efficiencies provide information on how much you can improve your efficiency Electrical Resistance Central Heating Heat Pump Ideal Heat Pump Final (kWh)11/0.901/31/12 Useful (kWh)1111 First Law  100%90%300%1200% Second Law  8.3%7.5%25%100%

Typical values of 2 nd law efficiencies Overall 2 nd law efficiency in converting primary to final is 76% and primary to useful energy is 10% IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

Second law efficiencies Second law efficiencies by providing information on how much you can improve your efficiency show where efforts should be made Rosen and Dincer, 1997

Population (lines) Primary energy use (bars) industrialized countries (white squares and bars) developing countries (gray triangles and bars) Energy use data includes estimates of noncommercial energy use Primary Energy Use 1800-2000 Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Population (lines) Primary energy use (bars) industrialized countries (white squares and bars) developing countries (gray triangles and bars) Energy use data includes estimates of noncommercial energy use Primary energy use increased more than 20-fold in 200 years Heterogeneity in per capita primary energy use: In industrialized countries population increased linearly while primary energy use increased exponentially until recently In developing countries energy use increased proportionally to population until recently Primary Energy Mix ? Primary Energy Use 1800-2000 Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Primary Energy Mix 1850-2010 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” Primary Energy Mix 1850-2010 Mostly biomass in 1850 Increasing diversification of energy vectors IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” Primary Energy Mix 1850-2010

Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040 Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040 Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) Energy Transition biomass to coal

Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040 Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) Energy Transition biomass to coal Energy Transition coal to oil

Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040 Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) Energy Transition biomass to coal Energy Transition coal to oil Stabilization

Energy Eras and Transitions Energy Transformations before industrial civilization:

Energy Eras and Transitions Energy Transformations before industrial civilization: –Solar radiation – food & feed, light and heat –Animate labor from humans and work animals (levers, inclined planes, pulleys) – mechanical work & transport –Kinetic energies of water & wind – mechanical work & transport –Biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, crop residues, dung) – residential & industrial heat and light

Energy Eras and Transitions Energy Transformations before industrial civilization: –Dominant in the western world until the 2 nd half of the 19 th century –Dominant for most of humankind until middlle of the 20 th century –Annual per capita primary energy consumption  20 GJ

Energy Eras and Transitions Energy Transformations that came with industrial civilization: –Fossil fuels – heat & mechanical work & transport (steam engines, internal combustion engines and steam turbines)

Energy Transitions An aggregated transition to other energy source(s) includes numerous services and sectors

Energy Transitions The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) 16 th century (tall narrow chimneys and suitable grates ) 17 th century (coal gets even cheaper)

Energy Transitions The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) 1709 (coke) 18 th century (efficiency improvments)

Energy Transitions The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) 1804 (1 st steam locomotive)

Why do energy transitions occur? Main Drivers/Catalyst for adoption of a new energy carrier: –Price of energy –Better/Different Service –Technological change and innovation –Efficiency improvments

Why do energy transitions occur? Main Drivers/Catalyst for adoption of a new energy carrier: –Price of energy –Better/Different Service –Technological change and innovation –Efficiency improvments –Environmental Impacts?

Decarbonization of Energy Systems Decreasing trend in CO 2 emitted per GJ from 1850 to 2000 2010: 108 GJ/capita/year 7600 kg CO 2 /capita/year

Decarbonization of Energy Systems Historically energy related biomass burning has not been carbon-neutral (maximum estimated value of 38%)

Decarbonization of Energy Systems Why a slight increasing trend in the last 10 years?

Power generation 1990-2010 Despite an increasing contribution across two decades, the share of non-fossil generation has failed to keep pace with the growth in generation from fossil fuels. © OECD/IEA 2012 Electricity generation (TWh) Share of electricity (%) Share of coal-based electricity Share of non-fossil electricity Nuclear Hydro Non-hydro renewables IEA - Energy Technology Perspectives 2012

Final Energy from 1900-2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Final Energy from 1900-2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). “With rising incomes, consumers pay increasing attention to convenience and cleanliness, favoring liquids and grid-delivered energy forms” Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Final Energy from 1900-2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). Developing countries OECD (squares) Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Final Energy from 1900-2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). Heterogeneity in final energy quality Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Final Energy per capita in 2010 Heterogeneity in Final Energy Use per capita: IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

What is Final Energy used for? UK 1800-2000 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

What is Final Energy used for? Regular expansion of energy services in 19 th –dominated by heat and transport High volatility due to political and economic events Moderated growth after 1950 –Decline in industrial energy services compensated by strong growth in transport Saturated at a level of 6 EJ or 100 GJ/capita What about energy services? IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Final Energy to Energy Services UK 1800-2000 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

UK 1800-2000 Increasing efficiencies in converting final energy to energy services –Ranges between a factor of 5 for transportation and 600 for lighting From Final Energy to Energy Services IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

UK 1800-2000 Lower prices of energy services –Ranges between a factor of 10 for heating and 70 for lighting From Final Energy to Energy Services IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Services 2005 Energy services cannot be expressed in common units Transport –13 km/day/per capita –1 ton 20 km/day/per capita Industry –9 ton/year/per capita (steel + fertilizers + construction materials + plastics … Buldings –Heating/cooling to 20m 2 /per capita Useful energy –minimizes distortions among different energy service categories, as it most closely measures the actual energy service provided.

World Sankey Diagram in 2005

Second law efficiencies provide information on the destruction of exergy What is exergy? Power = 0 WPower = 150 kW Δz = 0m Δz = 120m Second law efficiencies

Energy vs. Exergy 160ºC25ºC Potential Work = 34 MJ Potential Work = 1.8 MJ environment 20ºC Energy = 105 MJ Exergy = 34 MJ Exergy = 1.8 MJ

Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback