1. A. di Sarra 23/10/2014

2. radiation budget surface energy budget photochemistry heterogeneous chemistry air quality/health fertilization atmospheric thermal structure/dynamics cloud properties …

3. Nabat et al., 2013

4. Israelevich et al., 2012 MODIS data, 2001-2010

5. Moulin et al., 1998 METEOSAT, 1994

6. 30 March 2013 MODIS-Terra

7. 1000 mb 850 mb

8. 1000 mb850 mb

9. 29 July 2005 MODIS-Terra

10. Hamonou et al., 1999

11. Di Iorio et al., 2009 dust non-dust 1999-2008

12. Pey et al., 2013

14. Becagli et al., 2012

15. Summer MBL Winter Marine Boundary Layer Boundary Layer over land Courtesy of S. Becagli

16. Radiative forcing ΔF = F n,s – F n

17. Refractive index Size Shape

18. Formenti et al., 2011 Scheuvens et al., 2013 REFRACTIVE INDEX

19. Di Biagio et al., 2014 REFRACTIVE INDEX

20. dV dlogD p Altitude (m) Dust aerosols 22 june 2013, F35-36 700nm 550nm 450nm Dust aerosols 28 june 2013, F38-39 Scat. coeff. (Mm -1 ) Numb. conc. (#.cm -3 ) Diameter (µm) 22 and 28 June 2013: Transport from Tunisia to Lampedusa  Similar dust source and days of transport but different mixing state F38 F35 dV dlogD p Denjean et al., 2013 SIZE DISTRIBUTION

21. Zhao et al., 2013 SIZE DISTRIBUTION

22. Surface direct radiative forcing Haanpanala et al., 2012 SHAPE

23. Gomez Amo et al., 2010 (HL-ABL)/HL (%)(HL-SBL)/HL (%) surfacetoaatmsurfacetoaatm -1316-2211-1317 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION

24. DRE TOA SW All-sky clear-sky DRE ATM SW DRE SRF SW 2000-2007 Papadimas et al., 2012 -10 0 0 20

25. Mueller et al., 2012 SAMUM 2006

26. How to derive a correct estimate of the RF?

27. Radiative forcing efficiency Satheesh and Ramanathan, 2000

28. PSP MFRSR PIR Cimel

29. Surface aerosol FE: aerosol types 2004-2007 Di Biagio et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2009 Di Biagio et al., 2010

30. Aerosol FE at the top of the atmosphere Di Biagio et al., 2010

31. The atmospheric forcing is ~30-50% of the surface forcing for DD, ~70% for UI-BB, and ~60% for MA. FE d at the equinox (Wm -2 ) TOASurfaceAtm DD -45.5  5.4-68.9  4.023.4  6.7 UI-BB -19.2  3.3-59.0  4.339.8  5.4 MA -36.2  1.7-94.9  5.158.7  5.4 FE d at the summer solstice (Wm -2 ) TOASurfaceAtm DD -47.3  5.6-87.5  5.040.2  7.5 UI-BB -23.3  4.1-75.6  7.952.3  8.9 MA -44.2  2.1-120.5  6.576.3  6.8 FE S and FE TOA at different θ  integrated to obtain the daily FE Daily mean aerosol forcing efficiency Di Biagio et al., 2010

32. The daily mean radiative forcing (RF d ) at TOA and at the surface are largest for DD due to the high value of both FE d and average τ. The atmospheric RF d, conversely, is approximately independent of the aerosol type. Daily mean aerosol radiative forcing

33. MODIS-TERRA March 26, 2010 MODIS-TERRA March 28, 2010 March 26, 11:50 UT March 28, 11:50 UT

34. MFRSR PSP and PIR radiometers <0.09 max 1.88

35. On a daily basis: surface LW RF is about 50% of the SW TOA LW RF is about 40% of the SW a bout 75% of the SW atmospheric RF is compensated by the LW RF instantaneous, at 35° solar zenith angle, LW, SW, and total forcing, for 26 March, 2010. SW: observations on two days, surface + CERES LW: RT model + observations at the surface and CERES di Sarra et al., 2011

36. 9:35 UTC MODIS 22 May 2013

37. 12:50 UTC MODIS 22 May 2013

38. Lampedusa

39. 22 May, 12:57 UT 23 May, 13:46 UT Sky Imager 20 May, 12:50 UT Sky Imager 22 May, 12:50 UT

41. SW: Observations LW: Observations + MODTRAN 4.3 calculations Forcing efficiencies SW, global -136 W/m 2 SW, diffuse +257 W/m 2 LW +33 W/m 2 LW/SW 24% instantaneous values!! Over a whole daily cycle FEd~FE/2 in the SW (di Sarra et al., 2011) LW/SW ~50%

42. Gomez Amo et al., 2014

43. Meloni et al., 2014 Ground-based and Airborne Measurements of the Aerosol Radiative Forcing (GAMARF) 2008

44. Meloni et al., 2014

46. Thank you Vertical distribution Optical properties LW effects Recommendation: Closure with respect to high quality radiation measurements

47. Pace et al., 2012 Red – 2009 Green - 2010 Black – 2011 Blue -2012

48. Pace et al., 2006

49. JULY 14 2002JULY 16 2002 Lidar backscatter ratio HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model from the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) AOD (500 nm) = 0.227 14 July α = 0.080 δ = 0.46-0.56 16 July α = 0.698 δ = 0.25-0.47 Meloni et al., 2004

50. MISR + MFRSR Meloni et al., 2004

51. Best match (minimum RMDS) wavelength-independent SSA and g 14 July SSA = 0.97 g = 0.80 16 July SSA = 0.88 g = 0.81 Meloni et al., 2004 INSTANTANEOUS AEROSOL RADIATIVE FORCING EFFICIENCY (RF per unit AOD at 500 nm) AT 400-700 nm

52. 7 September 2005

54. di Sarra et al., 2013