1. David Evans http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans CS201j: Engineering Software University of Virginia Computer Science Lecture 13: Concurring Concurrently

2. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20022 Menu Subtyping Rules Review –Overriding and Overloading Concurrency

3. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20023 Substitution Principle …(in client code) MysteryType1 mt1; MysteryType2 mt2; MysteryType3 mt3; …(anything could be here) mt1 = mt2.m (mt3); If the Java compiler is happy with this code, which of these are guaranteed to be true: a.The apparent type of mt2 is MysteryType2 b.At the last statement, the actual type of mt2 is MysteryType2 c.MysteryType2 has a method named m d.The MysteryType2.m method takes a parameter of type MysteryType3 e.The MysteryType2.m method returns a subtype of MysteryType1 f.After the last statement, the actual type of mt1 is MysteryType1

4. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20024 …(in client code) MysteryType1 mt1; MysteryType2 mt2; MysteryType3 mt3; …(anything could be here) mt1 = mt2.m (mt3); If the Java compiler is happy with this code, which of these are guaranteed to be true: a.The apparent type of mt2 is MysteryType2 b.At the last statement, the actual type of mt2 is MysteryType2 c.MysteryType2 has a method named m d.The MysteryType2.m method takes a parameter of type MysteryType3 e.The MysteryType2.m method returns a subtype of MysteryType1 f.After the last statement, the actual type of mt1 is MysteryType1 TRUE: the apparent type is obvious from the declaration. FALSE: we only know the actual type <= MysteryType2 TRUE FALSE: we only know it takes a parameter >= MysteryType3 TRUE: the assignment type checking depends on this FALSE: we only know that the actual type <= MysteryType1

5. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20025 Subtyping Rules class A { public RA m (PA p) ; } …(in client code) MysteryType1 mt1; MysteryType2 mt2; MysteryType3 mt3; … mt1 = mt2.m (mt3); RA must be a subtype of MysteryType1: RA <= MysteryType1 MysteryType3 must be a subtype of PA: PA >= MysteryType3 If A is MysteryType2, what do we know about RA and PA?

6. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20026 Subtyping Rules class A { public RA m (PA p) ; } class B extends A { public RB m (PB a); } …(in client code) MysteryType1 mt1; MysteryType2 mt2; MysteryType3 mt3; … mt1 = mt2.m (mt3); RB must be a subtype of RA: RB <= RA PA must be a subtype of PB:PB >= PA If B <= A, what do we know about RB and PB?

7. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20027 Substitution Principle class A { public RA m (PA p) ; } class B extends A { public RB m (PB a); } …(in client code) MysteryType1 mt1; MysteryType2 mt2; MysteryType3 mt3; … mt1 = mt2.m (mt3); Substitution Principle: Parameters PB >= PA Preconditions pre_A  pre_B Result RB <= RA Postconditions post_B  post_A

8. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20028 Substitution Principle / Eiffel class A { public RA m (PA p) ; } class B extends A { public RB m (PB a); } …(in client code) MysteryType1 mt1; MysteryType2 mt2; MysteryType3 mt3; … mt1 = mt2.m (mt3); Substitution PrincipleEiffel Parameters PB >= PAPB <= PA Preconditions pre_A  pre_Bpre_B  pre_A Result RB <= RARB <= RA Postconditions post_B  post_A post_B  post_A

9. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 20029 Overloading and Overriding Overriding: replacing a supertype’s method in a subtype –Dynamic dispatch finds method of actual type Overloading: providing two methods with the same name but different parameter types –Statically select most specific matching method of apparent type

10. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200210 Overloading Example public class Overloaded extends Object { public int tryMe (Object o) { return 17; } public int tryMe (String s) { return 23; } public boolean equals (String s) { return true; } public boolean equals (Object) is inherited from Object

11. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200211 Overloading public class Overloaded { public int tryMe (Object o) { return 17; } public int tryMe (String s) { return 23; } public boolean equals (String s) { return true; } static public void main (String args[]) { Overloaded over = new Overloaded (); System.err.println (over.tryMe (over)); System.err.println (over.tryMe (new String ("test"))); Object obj = new String ("test"); System.err.println (over.tryMe (obj)); System.err.println (over.equals (new String ("test"))); System.err.println (over.equals (obj)); Object obj2 = over; System.err.println (obj2.equals (new String ("test"))); } 17 23 17 true false

12. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200212 Overkill Overloading and overriding together can be overwhelming! Avoid overloading whenever possible: names are cheap and plentiful One place you can’t easily avoid it: constructors (they all have to have the same name)

13. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200213 My Favorite C++ Program #include class A { public: void other () { printf("is an empty func in A\n"); }; virtual void other (class A *a) { printf("In A\n"); } }; class B: public A { public: void other (class B *b) { printf("In B\n"); } }; class C: public A { public: void other (class C *c) { printf("In C\n"); } }; void main(void) { A a; B b; C c; A *aPtr = &a; B *bPtr = &b; C *cPtr = &c; aPtr = bPtr; aPtr->other(bPtr); bPtr->other(); } (On notes, for experts only)

14. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200214 Concurrency

15. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200215 Our computer can only do one instruction at a time, why would we want to program pretending it can do many things at once?

16. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200216 Concurrent Programming Some problems are clearer to program concurrently: –Modularity Don’t have to explicitly interleave code for different abstractions (especially: user interfaces) High-level interactions – synchronization, communication –Modeling Closer map to real world problems: things in the real world aren’t sequential

17. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200217 Concurrency in Java public class Thread implements Runnable { // OVERVIEW: A thread is a thread of execution in a program. // The Java Virtual Machine allows an application to have // multiple threads of execution running concurrently. public Thread (Runnable target) // Creates a new Thread object that will run the target. public void start () // Starts a new thread of execution. … many other methods }

18. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200218 Making a Thread // from PS5 Grid class: public void startObjects() // EFFECTS: Start all object threads. { Enumeration els = simobjects.elements (); while (els.hasMoreElements ()) { SimObject current = (SimObject) els.nextElement (); Thread simObjectThread = new Thread (current); simObjectThread.start (); } public class Thread implements Runnable { public Thread (Runnable target) public void start () … many other methods } What do you know about SimObject type?

19. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200219 Runnable public interface Runnable { public void run() When an object implementing interface Runnable is used to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's run method to be called in that separately executing thread. The general contract of the method run is that it may take any action whatsoever. } So, to be a subtype of Runnable, SimObject must have a method void run () with no preconditions and any postconditions it wants.

20. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200220 Making a Runnable abstract public class SimObject implements Runnable { … public void run () // EFFECTS: Executes one turn by calling the // executeTurn method, and sleeps for a time // and repeats. { while (true) { executeTurn (); delay (TURN_DELAY + random.nextInt(TURN_RANDOM)); }

21. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200221 Actually… abstract public class SimObject implements Runnable { … public void run () // REQUIRES: this has been initialized //@also_requires isInitialized // EFFECTS: Executes one turn by calling the // executeTurn method, and sleeps for a time // and repeats. { … } We are violating the substitution principle! SimObject.run() has a stronger precondition than Runnable.run().

22. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200222 Concurrency Making a concurrent Java program is easy: Make a subtype R of Runnable new Thread (new R ()).start () Making a concurrent Java program that behaves correctly is really, really hard!

23. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200223 Scheduling Meetings Alice wants to schedule a meeting with Bob and Colleen BobAliceColleen “When can you meet Friday?” “11am or 3pm” “9am or 11am” “Let’s meet at 11am” Reserves 11am for meeting Reserves 11am for meeting Picks meeting time

24. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200224 Partial Ordering of Events Sequential programs give use a total ordering of events: everything happens in a determined order Concurrency gives us a partial ordering of events: we know some things happen before other things, but not total order Alice asks to schedule meeting before Bob replies Alice asks to schedule meeting before Colleen replies Bob and Colleen both reply before Alice picks meeting time Alice picks meeting time before Bob reserves time on calendar

25. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200225 Race Condition BobAliceColleen “When can you meet Friday?” “9, 11am or 3pm” “9am or 11am” “Let’s meet at 11am” Picks meeting time Doug “When can you meet Friday?” “9, 11am or 3pm” “Let’s meet at 11am” Reserves 11am for Doug “I’m busy then…”

26. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200226 Preventing Race Conditions Use locks to impose ordering constraints After responding to Alice, Bob reserves all the times in his response until he hears back (and then frees the other times)

27. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200227 Locking BobAliceColleen “When can you meet Friday?” “9, 11am or 3pm” “9am or 11am” “Let’s meet at 11am” Picks meeting time Doug “When can you meet Friday?” “3pm” “Let’s meet at 3” Locks calendar

28. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200228 Deadlocks BobAliceColleen “When can you meet Friday?” “9, 11am or 3pm” Doug “When can you meet Friday?” Locks calendar for Alice, can’t respond to Doug “When can you meet Friday?” Locks calendar for Doug, can’t respond to Alice Can’t schedule meeting, no response from Bob Can’t schedule meeting, no response from Colleen

29. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200229 Why are threads hard? Too few ordering constraints: race conditions Too many ordering constraints: deadlocks Hard/impossible to reason modularly –If an object is accessible to multiple threads, need to think about what any of those threads could do at any time! Testing is even more impossible than it is for sequential code –Even if you test all the inputs, don’t know it will work if threads run in different order

30. 17 October 2002CS 201J Fall 200230 Charge Computers are single-threaded machines that provide their owner the illusion of multiple threads. Brains are multi-threaded machines that provide their owner with the illusion of a single thread. Practice with races/deadlocks on Tuesday, no class on Thursday Return exams