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American English Speech Patterns
Chapter One
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Intonation and Stress - In verbal communication, we don’t express ourselves with words alone. In addition to our facial expressions, gestures, and other body movements, our vocal patterns add underlying meaning to what we say.
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Intonation and Stress -Intonation: The changes in voice during speech. Pitch inflections: the changes in our pitch tones on intonation.
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Intonation and Stress Stress: it makes certain parts in a message clearer and more distinct by increasing their loudness and length. - Primary Stress Secondary Stress Stressed Syllable is spoken longer and louder with higher pitch. Unstressed Syllable is spoken shorter and quicker.
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Intonation and Stress At the word level: Pitch rises with its highest level on the syllable with primary stress. - Step inflection - Gliding inflection
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Intonation and Stress Beyond the word level:
In phrases and sentences, only certain words are normally given stress. (content words). Content words: like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs - Function words: serve more to provide grammar structure. They include articles, conjunctions, pronouns, and prepositions. Function words are normally reduced and spoken quickly.
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Intonation and Stress Falling and rising inflection:
-Falling pitch indicates that the speaker has finished a thought. Rising pitch indicates that the speaker intends to continue on the thought. Example: Wh-questions are spoken with a falling inflection. Yes/No questions are normally spoken with a rising inflection
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Primary Stress and Final Inflection:
Primary stress is normally placed on the last content word. -Stress for Emphasis: Stress is shifted in a sentence to emphasize the words that mean more specifically what the speaker wishes to express.
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Rhythm Rhythm in speech results from timing in connected segments.
- Function words are unstressed and therefore are often spoken with the same timing as unstressed syllables.
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