1. Diagnosis, Staging, and Grading of Breast Cancer
Francis Ikpatt

6. Breast profile:
A ducts, B lobules, C dilated section of duct to hold milk
D nipple, E fat, F pectoralis major muscle, G chest wall/rib cage
Enlargement:
A normal duct cells, B ductal cancer cells breaking through the basement membrane
C basement membrane

7. Breast profile:
A ducts, B lobules, C dilated section of duct to hold milk
D nipple, E fat, F pectoralis major muscle, G chest wall/rib cage
Enlargement:
A normal duct cells, B ductal cancer cells breaking through the basement membrane
C basement membrane .

8. Breast Self Examination can pick up suspicious
lumps and nipple discharges
Start BSE at 20 years and encourage self awareness

10. Who said size doesn’t matter?

11. Mammogram

14. Mammography can pick up clusters of micro-calcification

15. Ultrasound

17. MRI

18. Active cells, which often indicate rapid cancer growth, take up the radioactive material. This helps radiologists identify areas where cells are suspiciously active, which can indicate cancer

19. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
remove only the one node that is most likely to have it. If this node is clean, chances are the other nodes have not been affected. In reality, the surgeon usually removes a cluster of two or three nodes—the sentinel node and those closest to it.

21. Survival rates differ with Clinical Stage

22. Lymph Node Areas Adjacent to Breast Area
A Pectoralis major muscle B Axillary LN: levels I C AxillaryLN: levels II D Axillary LN: levels III E Supraclavicular LN F Internal mammary LN

23. Stage IIIA is defined as T0 - T3 N2 M0 or T3 N1 M0.
Stage IIIB is defined as T4 any N M0 or any T N3 M0.

24. Other Diagnostic Techniques
Tumor markers
CA 15.3, CA125, CA (early indicator of disease progression or recurrence)
Chest X-Ray
-Spread to lungs and heart
-Assess lungs before anaesthesia and chemotherapy
-Assess infections and radiation induced pneumonia
Bone scintigraphy(bone scan)
-detect the presence of bone metastases
-evaluate persistent or progressive bone pain
-different from a bone density study (DEXA scan is the most popular type), which evaluates bone strength and your risk of osteoporosis
-not necessary for DCIS

25. Ductal Lavage
- suction is applied to the nipple to bring out fluid from the many little milk ducts that end in the nipple.
small canula, or tiny tube, is placed into the milk duct, and then fluid is washed into the duct to rinse out cells.
This fluid is then pulled back out of the nipple and sent to the laboratory for evaluation under the microscope. Some call this technique a "Pap smear" of the breast.

26. Sestamibi complements mammography—it will not replace it.
Sestamibi also called Miraluma are using to detect active breast cancer cells, in the breast and in other parts of the body
Injection of a radioactive substance called technetium 99. This substance, which emits low levels of radiation, gets picked up by tumors, so radiologists can see the tumors on film
Sestamibi does not detect calcification

31. 77.8% had histological grade 2 or 3

33. Assess mean nuclear area (mna), mitotic index (smi), fraction of fields with tubular differentiation (ftd) in BC from
African-Americans (AA-166)
Caucasians (C-170)
Nigerians (N-148)

35. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

36. Biomarkers of human breast cancer
Ki67
CD34
HER2+
P53

37. Upper panel. Breast tissue microarray containing representative samples of the whole spectrum of breast pathology in a single slide. Lower Panel. A. Tissue microarray sample of an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast stained with hematoxylin and eosin. B. Same tumor staining positive for RhoC overexpression with a polyclonal anti-RhoC antibody

38. This is a diploid cell population
This breast cancer is aneuploid .

39. tumor size mean 4.2±1.3cm
mean age 43.8±11.2 years
66.9% are premenopausal
73% are advanced (stages III and IV)

44. This wheel of tumor characteristics is used to prognosticate individual patients' chances of recurrence

45. Patients’ Bill of Right
A diagnosis within a week of a suspicious mammogram and biopsy. You'll want a quick diagnosis to allay your anxiety.
A prompt referral by your family doctor to a breast specialist or team specializing in breast cancer
A breast specialist with whom you feel comfortable
A specific diagnosis. You know you have breast cancer, but you need to know its attributes
A second opinion
A copy of medical records, including your pathology report

46. Patients’ Bill of Right
Information about your condition and treatment options in language you understand
Know the scientific evidence behind your doctor's treatment recommendation, and the strength of that evidence
Information about the benefits and risks of a particular treatment in your case-including the benefits and risks of not having the treatment.
A referral to another breast specialist if you're having trouble communicating with your doctor.

47. Pathologists In Medical Malpractice Cases
Pathologists are responsible for making or confirming the diagnosis of cancer
malpractice often involves cancer diagnosis
Misdiagnosing a benign condition as cancer can subject a patient to debilitating tx and the emotional trauma of a death sentence
Misdiagnosing cancer as a benign condition can result in delay in diagnosis, allowing a curable cancer to become incurable.

48. Medical Malpractice and Breast Cancer
Too many women have their breast cancer diagnosis delayed when the physician and other health care providers in whose hands such women entrust their well-being fail to
perform appropriate screening tests
properly interpret test results
take necessary steps when bc is suspected
when this happens, the physician or other health care provider are negligent.
the tragic result of this negligence is too often the loss of treatment options and/or the loss of chance of survival.

49. Failure to diagnose breast cancer
40 percent of all medical malpractice suits filed in 1999.
Several of the top ten lawsuits settled (over 1 million dollars) in Massachusetts involved medical malpractice where a physician failed to identify, in a timely manner, a serious case of breast cancer.
is a form of medical malpractice, which is the negligent or incorrect performance of the professional duties of health care providers and institutions.
there are four prerequisites for a valid claim of medical malpractice: 1) A provider-patient relationship existed;
2) Negligent care was rendered;
3) the patient suffered damage or harm;
4) and the damage or harm done to the patient was a direct result of the negligent care.

50. Reasons why doctors misdiagnose breast cancer.
relying too much on a woman's age as a predicting factor for breast cancer.
relying too heavily on negative mammogram results, even if the woman has felt a lump.
don't take woman seriously when they complain of symptoms.

51. Suggestions
There is an epidemic of undiagnosed cancer in this country. Much is due to doctor negligence.
seek medical attention immediately if observed a lump
tests should be ordered to determine whether there is a malignancy
With doubt allow the second doctor to form an opinion
"Time is of the essence”