1. Pengolahan Minyak Bumi Nelson Saksono & Yuliusman Ref : 1. Speight, James G. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 2nd edition. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. 1991. 2. James H. Gary. “ Petroleum Refining, Technology and Economic”, Marcel Dekker,Inc, New York, 1975

2. World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil 63.7 89.5 20.6 74.9 65.4 44.0 675.7 Billion barrels

3. World Proven Crude Oil Reserves as percent of 1296 billion barrel total

4. Composition of Crude Oil

5. Crude Oil Classification API Gravity = 35 o

6. The Uses of Crude Oil

7. The Xylenes

9. Distillation to separate by boiling point ranges Water washing to remove impurities Conversion reactions to alter molecular structures Mixing to obtain maximum commercial characteristics Petroleum delivered from well field

10. Petroleum Refining Distillation – separation by boiling point

11. Petroleum Reforming

12. Conversion Reactions CRACK COMBINE REARRANGE THERMAL CATALYTIC ALKYLATION POLYMERIZATION REFORMIING ISOMERIZATION Dehydrogenation Dehydroisomerization Isomerization Dehydrocyclization Hydrocracking

13. Catalytic Reforming – Conversion Reactions