1. Rainer Friedrich, Sandra Torras Ortiz, Ganlin Huang Institute for Energy Economics and the rational Use of Energy – University Stuttgart, Germany Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland City Partners WP 2 Energy

2. ●Work Package Energy i.Energy balance ii.Energy scenarios for future years ●Results i.Traffic interventions ii.Biomass (Pellets) use in domestic heating ●Lessons learned Outline

3. Supply Consumption Loses (Transformation, Transport, Exports, etc.) Energy balance Main goal: To analyse specific urban GHG policies regarding their expected influence on health by emission reduction, changes in energy demand and supply International energy market

4. Gas, oil, coal, renewables (secondary & primary energy carriers Fuel oil Coal Electricit y Heat Demand (light, vkm Passsenger cars, heating of Dwellings …) Energy carrier supply Final Energy Demand Gas Technologies (passenger car,(diesel), Small combustion (biomass) biomass Refineries Biomass conversion Biomass production Power Plants and electricity distribution Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) & District heating plants Gas distribution Inside city from outside city Energy services Energy balance

5. Energy balance at a City level Stuttgart

6. Basel Energy balance at a City level

7. Energy scenarios for future years Regional Coverage Pan-European TIMES Model The model illustrates the whole energy system of the different member states of the EU-27 plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland

8. Energy scenarios for the years 2020-2025 8 Germany Switzerland

9. Stuttgart –Traffic interventions Traffic interventions analysed: ●Introduction of a congestion charge in the City of Stuttgart: The amount of 0.10 € is raised per kilometer driven by passenger car ●Extension of parking management: expansion of parking management in the districts surrounding the city center of Stuttgart. ●Improved public transport: light rail frequency in the off-peak times is increased ●Improved cycling network ●Combined scenario What are the expected human health impacts related to traffic interventions compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario for the year 2025?

10. Stuttgart –Traffic interventions Reduction on Traffic Emissions and fuel use in BAU 2025 compared to Baseline 2010

11. Stuttgart –Traffic interventions Reduction on Traffic Emissions and fuel use for each intervention compared to BAU 2025

12. Stuttgart - Pellet boilers scenarios I ●Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario: pellet boilers are installed throughout the entire city of Stuttgart with growth rates similar to historical growth rates (2001-2008). ●Ban on Burning Scenario (BB): pellet boilers are not installed within the Stuttgart city center, but only in the outer districts. ●Substantial Growth Scenario (SG): pellet boilers are installed throughout the entire city of Stuttgart with growth rates as expected by the DEPV (German Wood and Pellets Fuel Association) which estimates 1 million units by 2020 in Germany. What are the expected human health impacts related to the increasing use of wood pellets in Stuttgart?

13. Ban on burningSubstantial growth Stuttgart - Pellet boilers scenarios II Number of pellet boilers in Stuttgart (2025)

14. Stuttgart - Pellet boilers scenarios III CO 2 emissions change due to replacement of traditional energy (Stuttgart mix) with biomass. Total CO 2 associated to the household sector ca. 450 Thousand tons. Average filter technology was assumed, newer filter technology could decrease particulate matter substantially (around 40-70% lower emissions) DALYS: Disability Adjusted Life Years

15. Greenhouse Gas Balances Greenhouse gas emissions produced in the preparation of raw material for pellets made of industrial wood residues and forest wood residues (Source: BioEnergieDat, 2012) CO 2 eq/MJ

16. Lessons learned Energy substitution in domestic heating ●Pellet boilers contribute to reduce CO 2 emissions by replacing fossil energy sources at a global scale. However, at a local scale, higher particulate matter emissions could be associated to additional local human health impacts. ●Significant differences in wood pellets concerning their up- and down stream CO 2 emissions. Traffic ●Interventions in the traffic sector account for small reductions at a local scale. In the specific case of Stuttgart, the emission reductions may not justify the large effort needed to implement the interventions. Human health assessment to be completed within the next months