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The Union in Peril Slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln,

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Presentation on theme: "The Union in Peril Slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln,"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Union in Peril Slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of Southern states. Dred Scott portrait NEXT

2 The Union in Peril SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Protest, Resistance, and Violence The Birth of the Republican Party Slavery and Secession NEXT

3 The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Section 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery The issue of slavery dominates U.S. politics in the early 1850s. NEXT

4 The Divisive Politics of Slavery
1 SECTION The Divisive Politics of Slavery Differences Between North and South Industry and Immigration in the North 1850s North industrialized; makes large amount, variety of products Railroads carry raw materials east, manufactures and settlers west - small towns quickly become cities - telegraph wires provide fast communication Immigrants become industrial workers, fear expansion of slavery - slave labor might compete with free labor - could reduce status of white workers unable to compete Map Continued . . . NEXT

5 Agriculture and Slavery in the South
1 SECTION continued Differences Between North and South Agriculture and Slavery in the South South predominantly rural, mostly plantations and small farms Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10% of U.S. goods Few immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of population Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society, economy Map NEXT

6 Slavery in the Territories
1 SECTION Slavery in the Territories The Wilmot Proviso • Wilmot Proviso—no slavery in territory acquired from Mexico • North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers • South: slaves are property under Constitution; fear more free states Statehood for California 1850, CA writes constitution; elects leaders; applies for statehood Pres. Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory NEXT

7 The Senate Debates Clay’s Compromise 1
SECTION The Senate Debates Clay’s Compromise Some Southerners threaten secession, withdrawal of state from Union Henry Clay offers Compromise of 1850 to settle disputes over slavery Continued . . . NEXT

8 Terms of the Compromise
1 SECTION continued The Senate Debates Terms of the Compromise Compromise has provisions to appease North and South: - California to be a free state - more effective fugitive slave law - popular sovereignty—residents of territory vote to decide slavery - government to pay Texas $10 million for its claim to eastern NM - slave trade banned in D.C. but slavery permitted Clay gives speech begging North and South to compromise, save Union Continued . . . NEXT

9 Calhoun and Webster Respond
1 SECTION continued The Senate Debates Calhoun and Webster Respond Clay’s speech starts one of greatest debates in U.S. history John C. Calhoun presents Southern case for slavery in territories In famous speech, Daniel Webster calls for national unity Image The Compromise is Adopted • Senate rejects compromise; Clay leaves Washington • Stephen A. Douglas reintroduces resolutions individually • President Millard Filmore gives support; South decides to negotiate - Compromise of 1859 voted into law NEXT

10 Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Section 2 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Proslavery and antislavery factions disagree over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories. NEXT

11 Protest, Resistance, and Violence
2 SECTION Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad The Fugitive Slave Act • Fugitive Slave Act—part of Compromise of 1850, has very harsh terms • Alleged fugitives denied jury trial, right to testify on own behalf • Federal commissioners paid more for returning than freeing accused • People convicted of helping a fugitive fined, imprisoned, or both Image Resisting the Law • Northerners send fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues • Personal liberty laws forbid prison for fugitives, grant jury trials Continued . . . NEXT

12 Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
2 SECTION continued Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape • Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips • Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols • Some fugitives stayed in North; others go on to Canada Image Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin stirs protest • Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows slavery as moral problem, not just political NEXT

13 Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
2 SECTION Tension in Kansas and Nebraska Popular Sovereignty Douglas believes people want territories incorporated into Union Wants railroad west in Chicago; thinks expansion will help Democrats Feels popular sovereignty on slavery best way to organize new states Thinks slavery unworkable in prairie farms but seeks South’s support The Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas’s bill repeals Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery NEXT

14 Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas”
2 SECTION Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas” The Race for Kansas Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies In 1855, Kansas holds election for territorial legislature Proslavery “border ruffians” vote illegally, win fraudulent majority Proslavery government in Lecompton; antislavery rival in Topeka “The Sack of Lawrence” • Proslavery grand jury brands people of antislavery Lawrence traitors - posse of 800 burns, loots town Image Continued . . . NEXT

15 “The Pottawatomie Massacre”
2 SECTION continued Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas” “The Pottawatomie Massacre” Abolitionist John Brown believes God wants him to fight slavery Brown, followers violently kill 5 men in “Pottawatomie Massacre” Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200 Image Violence in the Senate Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacks colleagues, slavery Congressman Preston S. Brooks beats Sumner for insults to uncle Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn him NEXT

16 The Birth of the Republican Party Section 3
In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and lead to the birth of new ones. NEXT

17 The Birth of the Republican Party
3 SECTION The Birth of the Republican Party New Political Parties Emerge Slavery Divides Whigs Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in elections Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 Whig Party splinters after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Nativism • Nativism—belief in favoring native-born Americans over immigrants • Nativists form American Party (1854), known as Know-Nothing Party • Middle-class Protestants afraid of Catholicism; split over slavery NEXT

18 Antislavery Parties Form
3 SECTION Antislavery Parties Form Forerunner of the Republican Party Liberty Party pursues abolition through laws; affects 1844 election The Free-Soilers • Free-Soil Party opposes extension of slavery into territories • Many Free-Soilers not abolitionists; support restrictions on blacks • Object to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force • Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U.S. Continued . . . NEXT

19 Republican Party The 1856 Election 3
SECTION continued Antislavery Parties Form Republican Party • 1854, unhappy Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers form Republican Party • Horace Greeley, abolitionist, helps found Republican party • Republicans oppose slavery in territories; other opinions varied • Main competition for voters is Know-Nothing Party The 1856 Election Republicans select John C. Frémont—mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA Democrat James Buchanan elected; secession averted Map NEXT

20 Slavery and Secession Section 4
A series of controversial events heighten the sectional conflict that brings the nation to the brink of war. NEXT

21 Slavery and Secession Slavery Dominates Politics Dred Scott Decision
4 SECTION Slavery and Secession Slavery Dominates Politics Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, slave who had lived in free areas sues for freedom • 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hands down decision - slaves do not have rights of citizens - no claim to freedom, suit begun in slave state - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories Image The Lecompton Constitution Proslavery Kansas government writes constitution, seeks statehood Referendum votes down constitution; President Buchanan endorses it Stephen Douglas gets second referendum; voters reject it again NEXT

22 Lincoln-Douglas Debates
4 SECTION Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln Challenges Douglas 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln runs for Douglas’s Senate seat Because Lincoln unknown, challenges Douglas to 7 debates Image Positions and Arguments Douglas: slavery backward, not immoral; Lincoln: slavery immoral Douglas thinks popular sovereignty will undo slavery Lincoln thinks legislation needed to stop spread of slavery Both men distort other’s views, make them seem extreme Continued . . . NEXT

23 4 SECTION continued Lincoln-Douglas Debates The Freeport Doctrine Lincoln: how to form free states if territories must allow slavery Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine—elect leaders who do not enforce slavery Douglas wins seat; doctrine worsens regional split between Democrats Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery draw attention NEXT

24 Passions Ignite Harpers Ferry John Brown’s Hanging 4
SECTION Passions Ignite Harpers Ferry John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, needs weapons 1859, leads band to federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry to get arms U.S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown John Brown’s Hanging Brown is hanged for high treason, December 1859 Many Northerners admire Brown; Southerners fear future uprisings NEXT

25 Lincoln Is Elected President
4 SECTION Lincoln Is Elected President The Republican Convention Overflowing crowds attend presidential convention in Chicago Seward and Lincoln Senator William H. Seward expected to win nomination Lincoln wins nomination; seen as more moderate than Seward - tells South will not meddle with slaves; South feels threatened The Election of 1860 Democrats split over slavery Lincoln wins with less than half of popular vote - gets no Southern electoral votes Map NEXT

26 Southern Secession The Shaping of the Confederacy 4
SECTION Southern Secession The Shaping of the Confederacy South Carolina and 6 other states secede: - want complete independence from federal control - fear end to their way of life - want to preserve slave labor system Feb Confederacy or Confederate States of America forms Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes each state’s sovereignty Former senator Jefferson Davis unanimously elected president Continued . . . NEXT

27 The Calm Before the Storm
4 SECTION continued Southern Secession The Calm Before the Storm Buchanan calls secession illegal, says also illegal to stop it Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C. NEXT

28 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes
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