1. Practical and Conceptual Problems Dennis Dijkzeul

2. Topics Last Week n My background n Contents of the course n Other courses n Definitions n Types of Actors n Program Student Activities TODAY WE ‘LL CONTINUE

3. Definitions To a large extent 4 common characteristics:  Deterioration or complete collapse of both central government authority and (parts of) civil society.  Episodic food insecurity, frequently deteriorating into mass starvation.  Macro-economic collapse involving hyper- inflation, massive unemployment, and net decreases in Gross National Product.  Mass population movements of displaced people and refugees escaping conflict or searching for food.

4. Breakdown of Distinctions? n State, Crime, Army, and Civilians n Private and Public n Natural vs man-made disasters n Sovereignty of State (vs. Security of People) n Security, Relief, Rehabilitation, and Development n New distinctions: Political vs Humanitarian?

5. TOPICS n WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? (SOVEREIGNTY IN INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS) n CONTINUUM DEBATE: LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT n DECLINING RESOURCES, DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION n MANAGEMENT u INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL u INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL

6. WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? n WHEN IS IT AN EMERGENCY? u CMR OF 1 DEATH PER 10,000 A DAY u MALNUTRITION > 10% u GENOCIDE IT IS AN EDUCATED GUESS

7. WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? n SHOULD ONE HELP? u AM I MY BROTHER’S KEEPER? F HUMANITARIAN IMPULSE F HUMANITARIAN IMPERATIVE u “RIPENESS” OF CONFLICT u DIFFERENT TRADITIONS & POWER POSITIONS n CONSEQUENCES OF HELP u TAKES AWAY DIGNITY (ESPECIALLY NON- RECIPROCAL HELP) u CREATES DEPENDENCY u REIGNITES CONFLICT

8. WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? n DIFFERENCE INDIVIDUAL HELP & ORGANIZED AID u AID DIFFERS FROM SOCIETAL LEVEL TO SOCIETAL LEVEL n IF ONE HELPS; WHAT IS SUFFICIENT HELP? u STOPGAP OR CONTAINMENT u NEW BEGINNING FOR THE NEEDY, I.E. LINKING RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT u REMAIN INDEPENDENT OR TAKE SIDES?

9. WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? n WHAT IS THE LEGAL BASIS? u THE SHIFT FROM SOVEREIGNTY TO SECURITY OF THE PEOPLE IS INCOMPLETE n WHO INTERVENES: u LEGAL ISSUES: USE OF FORCE u WHO LEADS? SUPERPOWER, REGIONAL POWER, NGOs, UN, ICRC

10. WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? n CONCLUSION: u CASCADING CONUNDRUMS & UNIQUE CASES u MULTIPLICATION OF ACTORS (ACTOR MIX) u MANY ISSUES TO ADDRESS (ISSUE MIX) u DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOCIETY (LEVEL MIX) u BUT ALSO INCREASING INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND CODIFICATION OF HUMANITARIAN IDEALS

11. PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD n DURING COLD WAR, MAINLY: u FIRST GENERATION PEACEKEEPING u CONTINUUM IDEA F BASED ON NATURAL DISASTERS (ONE MAJOR CAUSE) F ONE-TIME EVENTS (SHORT TERM) F DIFFERENT SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF ORGANIZATONS F LIMITED SET OF ISSUES F POLITICAL AND HUMANITARIAN ACTORS WERE THUS SEPARATED

12. PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD n HOWEVER, CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICT CHANGED: u EXPLOSION OF CONFLICTS, SOMETIMES REGIONAL u INTRASTATE u CIVILIANS AS TARGET u RAGTAG ARMIES (MILITIAS, WARRING FACTIONS, CIVILIANS, etc.) u WEAK STATE WITH LOW LEGITIMACY n DISILLUSIONS WITH PEACEKEEPING n INEFFECTIVENESS OF HUMANITARIAN AID

13. PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD n FROM FIRST GENERATION TO SECOND GENERATION PEACEKEEPING (REBUILDING WITH A SECURITY COMPONENT) u THREE TRANSITIONS F SECURITY F GOVERNANCE (DEMOCRATIZATION) F SOCIO-ECONOMIC MANY ISSUES COMPETE FOR ATTENTION!

14. PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD n MULTIDIMENSIONAL OPERATIONS: u RELIEF u DEMILITARIZATION u POLITICAL (RE)CONSTRUCTION u SOCIAL (RE)INTEGRATION & (RE)CONCILIATION u ECONOMIC (RE)BUILDING NO STATUS QUO EX ANTE, NO CONTINUUM n DIFFERENT MIXES n ILL-PREPARED, REFLECT OLD INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP (SECURITY COUNCIL, DEV. ORGs, etc.) n STILL EVOLVING (FADING DISTINCTIONS)

15. DECLINING RESOURCES n DECLINE IN u ODA u MULTILATERAL u UN n LESSER DECLINE NGOs, RELIEF & BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTIONS n DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION n YET, ALSO LACK OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY QUESTIONS: n IS CUSTOM TAILORED AID POSSIBLE? n OR DO DONORS JUST WANT CONTAINMENT?

16. MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS n COMMON THEMES: u NOT ENOUGH EMPIRICAL MATERIAL ON MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS u WE CAN LEARN A WHOLE LOT FROM THEIR MANAGEMENT: COMPLEX ENDS & MEANS RELATIONSHIP u INTERESTING INTERACTION WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES AND MANAGEMENT AREAS

17. MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS n NEED FOR INTER- ORGANIZATIONAL COOPERATION, BUT u FUNDRAISING COMPETITION u DIFFERENT PROCEDURES, PROMOTION POLICIES, ETC. u WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANIZATIONS

18. MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS n INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES u DUAL ACCOUNTABILITY u DECENTRALIZATION u LOCAL PARTICIPATION? WHO CONTROLS? WHOSE EFFECTIVENESS?

19. ALTERNATIVES n PRODERE n PROGRESS n FIDHEG / PDHSL n DECOPAZ 11 YEARS OF REBUILDING WITH UN SYSTEM

20. SIX COUNTRIES, UN ORGs, NGOs, STATE INSTITUTIONS, $115 MILLION + FOLLOW-UP

21. RECENT RESEARCH n MORE POSITIVE ABOUT THE POSSIBILITIES FOR REBUILDING (IN GUATEMALA) n LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT n JOINT STRATEGY & TOOLS n SUBSTANTIVE INVESTMENT & LOCAL PARTICIPATION

22. TOPICS n WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? (SOVEREIGNTY IN INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS) n CONTINUUM DEBATE: LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT n DECLINING RESOURCES, DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION n MANAGEMENT u INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL u INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL