1. Last Topic - Separation of Powers
Meaning
Overview
Need of Separation of Powers

2. Meaning Kinds Parliamentary Sovereignty vs Judicial Independence
The Sovereignty
Meaning
Kinds
Parliamentary Sovereignty vs Judicial Independence

3. Meaning of Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory

4. Kinds of Sovereignty Absoluteness Exclusivity De jure and de facto
Sovereignty and independence
Internal
Modern internal sovereignty
External
Shared
Nation-states
Federations

5. Kinds of ……. Absoluteness
An important factor of sovereignty is its degree of absoluteness. A sovereign power has absolute sovereignty when it is not restricted by a constitution, by the laws of its predecessors, or by custom, and no areas of law or policy are reserved as being outside its control

6. Kinds of ……. Exclusivity
A key element of sovereignty in a legalistic sense is that of exclusivity of jurisdiction. Specifically, the degree to which decisions made by a sovereign entity might be contradicted by another authority

7. Kinds of ……. De jure and de facto
De jure, or legal, sovereignty concerns the expressed and institutionally recognized right to exercise control over a territory
De facto, or actual, sovereignty is concerned with whether control in fact exists

8. Kinds of ……. Sovereignty and independence
State sovereignty is sometimes viewed synonymously with independence, however, sovereignty can be transferred as a legal right whereas independence cannot

9. Kinds of …….
Internal
Internal sovereignty is the relationship between a sovereign power and its own subjects. A central concern is legitimacy: by what right does a government exercise authority. Claims of legitimacy might refer to the divine right of kings or to a social contract

10. Kinds of ……. Modern internal sovereignty
Within the modern governmental system you usually find internal sovereignty in states that have public sovereignty and rarely find it within a state controlled by an internal sovereign. A form of government that is a little different from both is the UK parliament system

11. Kinds of …….
External
External sovereignty concerns the relationship between a sovereign power and other states. For example, the United Kingdom uses the following criterion when deciding under what conditions other states recognize a political entity as having sovereignty over some territory

12. Kinds of …….
Shared
Just as the office of head of state can be vested jointly in several persons within a state, the sovereign jurisdiction over a single political territory can be shared jointly by two or more consenting powers, notably in the form of a condominium

13. Kinds of ……. Nation-states
A community of people who claim the right of self-determination based on a common ethnicity, history and culture might seek to establish sovereignty over a region, thus creating a nation-state. Such nations are sometimes recognized as autonomous areas rather than as fully sovereign, independent states

14. Kinds of ……. Federations
In a federal system of government, sovereignty also refers to powers which a constituent state or republic possesses independently of the national government.
In a confederation constituent entities retain the right to withdraw from the national body, but in a federation member states or republics do not hold that right

15. Legislature Judiciary Executive
Sovereignty
Legislature
Judiciary
Executive

16. Sovereignty of Legislature
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Sovereignty of Parliament in Pakistan

17. Sovereignty of Legislature ….
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Parliamentary sovereignty is popularly understood as sovereignty of the people

18. Sovereignty of Legislature ….
Sovereignty of Parliament in Pakistan
The preambles of all regular constitutions of Pakistan (1956, 1962 and 1973) assign sovereignty all over the universe to God Almighty. The people exercise this authority as a sacred trust within the limits prescribed by Him. This exercise of power and authority is to be done through the chosen

19. Sovereignty of Legislature ….
Since independence of Pakistan transfer of power under sovereign transaction from ruling class to general population took place, after laps of times

20. Sovereignty of Legislature ….
After years of countless efforts & change of mindset the Sovereignty of Parliament has established in Pakistan

21. Sovereignty of Judiciary
Judiciary Sovereignty
Sovereignty of Judiciary in Pakistan

22. Sovereignty of Judiciary ……
Judicial Sovereignty
Judicial sovereignty is a judico-political reality, which will be difficult to reverse but judicial sovereignty with accountability is a constitutional survival

23. Sovereignty of Judiciary ……
Reasons for the rise of judicial sovereignty: 
1. It based on constitutional & also on popular legitimacy
2. In Pakistan political and military opponents are busy fighting among themselves
3. The lack of systemic political resistance to judicial independence and judicial activism
4. Judges give major political decisions against the ruling political elite because they know that the Constitution is on its way out

24. Sovereignty of Judiciary ……
Consequences of judicial sovereignty
Judges exercise tremendous power over the destiny of Pakistani citizens. Such judicial power is three-pronged.
Firstly, the constitution controls our destiny and the judges control the constitution because they are the ultimate interpreters of the constitution.

25. Sovereignty of Judiciary ……
Secondly, judges are the final decision-makers in disputes.
Thirdly, this present judiciary has initiated a process of judicialisation of state and societal issues meaning that the constitution and law are being promoted as a supreme moral value and as a solution for all problems affecting Pakistan.

26. Sovereignty of Executive
Executive Sovereignty
Sovereignty of Executive in Pakistan

27. Sovereignty of Executive …..
The concept of sovereignty is the core attribute of the modern state. It has an “inside” face—the relation of the state to its citizens — and an “outside” face — the relation of states to other states

28. Sovereignty of Executive …..
In today’s politics, where concerns about national security dominate public policy debate, the concept of sovereignty is once more under reassessment

29. Sovereignty of Executive …..
Executive Sovereignty in Pakistan
The executives of Pakistan are facing ultimate challenges regarding its Sovereignty
Legitimacy of drone strikes
TTP
Economy
Utilities
inflation
abc ……

30. Sovereignty of Executive …..
Solutions
Stay tune with political system
Faith in wisdom of People of Pakistan

31. Next Topic - The Ombudsman
Wifaqi Mohtasib