1. Historical Trauma and Healing the Hurts
Ray Daw, MA
Regional Director
Edventures Group
edventures.org
Developed by
Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart, PhD,
Columbia University, NYC
President/Director, The Takini Network

2. Ottenbacher: Brave Heart 3 Major Hypothesis:
Dr. Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart
Ottenbacher: Brave Heart 3 Major Hypothesis:
Education increases awareness of trauma
Sharing affects provides relief
Grief resolution through collective mourning/healing creates
*positive group identity *commitment to community
Purpose:
Identifying with victimization
collective memory/healthy ego

3. Historical Trauma Causes: Legacy of genocide Effects: Unsettled trauma
Definition: The collective emotional and psychological injury both over the life span and across generations, resulting from a cataclysmic history of genocide (Dr. Maria Yellowhorse-Braveheart)
Causes:
Legacy of genocide
Effects:
Unsettled trauma
Increase of child abuse and domestic violence
“Intergenerational Trauma and Historical Grief in American Indians: A Review of Conceptualizations from Dr. Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart”, powerpoint, Melanie Ottenbacher

4. Definitions
Historical trauma is cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations, emanating from massive group trauma
Historical unresolved grief is the grief that accompanies the trauma.
(Brave Heart, 1995,1998, 1999, 2000)
© Takini Network

5. Historical Trauma Intervention: Four Major Intervention Components
Confronting historical trauma
Understanding the trauma
Releasing our pain
Transcending the trauma
© Takini Network

6. Confronting historical trauma

7. Six Phases of Historical Unresolved Grief
Ottenbacher.ppt
1st contact
Life shock
Genocide
No time for grief
Economic Competition
Sustenance loss (physical/spiritual)
Invasion War Period
Extermination
Refugee symptoms
Subjugation and Reservation Period
Confined / translocated
Lack of security
Boarding School Period
Destroyed family system
Forced Relocation and Termination Period
Transfer to urban areas
Prohibition of religious freedom

8. 1st Contact (Colonization), Boarding Schools, & Relocation (Ottenbacher.ppt)
1. 1st school: Pennsylvania
Beaten
Raped
Native language prohibited
2. Lasting effect
Ill-prepared for parenting
Colonization
1. Introduce
Disease
Alcohol
2. Main traumatic events
Assassination of Tatanka Iyotake (Sitting Bull)
Wounded Knee Massacre
Relocation & Assimilation
Racism/ viewed as 2nd class
Black Hills Confiscation
Spiritual prohibition
Change of Government

9. Imprisonment of tribes after conquest Repression of indigenous practices, beliefs, language, and identity Paternalism by governmental institutions, religious organizations, and reorganization of established governance.

10. Understanding the trauma

11. Features of Trauma Response
Poor affect tolerance
Psychic numbing
Hypervigilance
Substance abuse
Fixation to trauma
Depression
Death identity
Asking

12. Risk
Native Americans as a group are at increased risk of injury, but Native American males are at even greater risk for many types of injuries. Compared to their female counterparts, Native American males ages 20 years and older are (CDC 2003) twice as likely to die from a motor vehicle crash.  
nearly four times more likely to die from pedestrian-related injury.  
nearly twice as likely to die from fire and burn injuries.

13. Risk five times more likely to drown.
four times more likely to commit suicide.  
three times more likely to be murdered.
A person has a higher risk of suicide if their parent, close relative or close friend has taken their own life.

14. Co-occurring Disorder
high
Addiction
III
High, Low
High Addiction
Low Mental Illness IV
High, High
High Addiction
High Mental Illness
Co-occurring Disorder
Mental Illness
high
low II
Low, high
Low Addiction
High Mental Illness I
Low, Low
Low Addiction
Low Mental Illness
Raymond Daw Sept 2007
low

15. Releasing our Pain

16. Acculturation Eurocentric Indigenous Low Indigenous acculturation &
high Eurocentric acculturation
low
high
Eurocentric
Indigenous
high
low
Discussion on bi-culturalism is to transition from MH problems to begin presentation on engagement.
High Indigenous acculturation & Low Eurocentric acculturation 16 16

17. Euro-centric Treatment
Disease Model-based
AA Philosophy driven
12 Step design
Confrontational styles
Morals driven
Individual focused
Recovery oriented
Relapses consider bad
Indigenous approaches not considered

18. Indigenous Treatment Models

19. (Doo dilzin da: abuse of the natural world).
Substance abuse or misuse is not condoned within the indigenous belief system.
The norm is for respect yourself by not using substances that are not indigenous or acceptable to the tribe
(Doo dilzin da: abuse of the natural world).

20. Native American Resilience
High rates of abstinence
Land base (reservations)
Extended families
Indigenous practices
Strong ethnic identity
Growing middle class
History of racism (segregation)

21. Transcending the trauma

22. R e v e r e n c e

23. Medicine Wheel

24. What Matters
Talking Circle
Increasing American Indian identity
Decreasing structural poverty
Doing so will decrease the probability of alcohol symptoms and drug use.
AMERICAN INDIAN SERVICES UTILIZATION, PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS PROJECT (AI-SUPERPFP) , University of Colorado at Denver and Health Services Center

25. Nature of (De) Colonialism (Evans)
[Induced Self Negation Self Affirmation ]
Mystification Education
Dependency Self Reliance
Subordination Equal Status/Rights
Powerlessness Self Determination

26. Takini Network
Takini is a Native American non-profit organization, designed to address healing from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Indigenous people.
Takini provides therapeutic work, prevention, research, publication and community education.
Maria Yellowhorse-Braveheart;

27. For More Information Dr. Maria Yellowhorse-Braveheart
Phone: (212)
Raymond Daw, MA
Cell; (505)
© Takini Network