1. Agenda Chapter 19: Blood Lab 34.1 and “Blood Typing” Major functions
Major Components
Structure of RBCs and WBCs
ABO Blood Types, and Rh Factor
Lab 34.1 and “Blood Typing”

2. Blood: General functions
Transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
Regulation of pH, ion composition of interstitial fluids
Restriction of fluid loss at injury site
Defense against toxins and pathogens
Regulation of body temperature

3. Blood is Fluid Connective Tissue
Recall that connective tissues are comprised of: specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers and fluid (ground substance)
Matrix is a combo of the non-celluar components
The matrix of blood is called plasma

4. Components of blood Plasma ~ 90% water
~ 10% dissolved (soluble) proteins most made by the liver
Formed elements (cells and cell fragments) 1. RBCs 2. WBCs 3. Platelets

7. Plasma proteins
Albumins (60%) -major component of osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins (35%) -antibodies and transport proteins
Fibrinogens (4%) -functions in blood clotting

8. Formed Elements: Hematocrit
Percent of blood volume contributed to formed elements (cells)
Centrifuge: separate components by density

9. Hematocrit Males ~ 46, Females ~ 42 What can effect hematocrit?
: Dehydration and EPO (erythropoietin), testosterone
: Internal bleeding, or defect in RBC formation

10. When you look at a smear of blood, which cells predominate??

11. 20 m

12. RBCs Characteristics
Function primarily to carry oxygen and CO2 -contain hemoglobin (33% of cell weight)
Lack a nucleus
Contain few organelles (no mitochondria)
Can they generate ATP?? Make new protein?
Shaped like biconcave discs -increases surface area for gas exchange
Life span approx. 120 days
FYI: 1 L of blood = ~ 5 million RBCs drop of blood = ~ 260 million RBCs

13. Red Blood Cells
~ 0.8 m
~ 2.6 m m
Increased surface area, stackable, and flexible (can fit through 4 m capillaries)

14. Hemoglobin
Composed of globin (protein) and pigment (heme) -Protein portion: 2  and 2  chains -Four heme units: contain iron and bind oxygen

15. Hemoglobin
Quaternary Structure

16. Hematopoiesis
Myeloid stem cell
Rate of RBC production controlled by erythropoietin (EPO)
EPO produced by kidneys (upon exposure to low O2)
EPO acts on stem cells of red bone marrow, and rate of maturation
What is necessary for healthy RBCs?

17. Fate of RBCs Life span of 100-120 days
In 1 min: travel from periphery, are squeezed through capillaries, sent to heart and back!
Become trapped in the spleen (eaten by macrophage) -heme degraded to biliverdin (green) -biliverdin converted to bilirubin (orange-yellow) -bilirubin binds to albumin, transported to liver for excretion in BILE
At large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens
urobilins and stercobilins

19. ABO Blood Types
ABO system refers to the presence of surface antigens on the RBCs AND the antibodies in the plasma
Antigens also called agglutinogens
Antibodies called agglutinins B A ?

20. ABO Blood Types A A B B Type A Type B Type AB Type O
For a person with type A blood, the A antigens (surface proteins) inform the body’s defense system that “A” is “self”.
For a persone with type A blood, which antigen(s) would alert the body as “non-self” or foreign?

21. ABO Blood Types A A B B Type A Type B Type AB Type O
When the body encounters “foreign” material, it generates antibodies against the surface antigens.
When foreign RBC antigens are covered with antibodies, they clump and lyse (agglutination and hemolysis).
What antibodies will each blood type have in the plasma?

22. Blood Types

24. Rh Factor and Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

25. Fetal cells enter mother’s circulation

26. Second pregnancy is attacked by maternal antibodies

28. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Complete cells with nuclei and all organelles
Fewer than RBCs ( /ul)
Critical to the body’s defense (immune system)
Special features - Can migrate out of bloodstream - Capable of amoeboid movement -Atracted to specific chemical stimuli (respond by positive chemotaxis) -Capable of phagocytosis (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes)

29. Types of WBCs Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes
granulocytes
agranulocytes
Note that many of these cells have names that reflect the way these cells look when under the scope, when stained with certain dyes

30. Neutrophils Account for 50-70% of circulating WBCs
Dense segmented nucleus with 2-5 lobes
Highly mobile, often the ‘first to arrive on the scene’following injury
Attack bacteria coated with antibodies
While active, release prostaglandins and leukotrienes

31. Eosinophil 2-4% of WBCs Stain red, 2 lobed nucleus
Attack cells coated with antibodies
Importantly, protect against parasites via exocytosis of toxic compounds

32. Basophils Less than 1% Granules contain histamine, heparin
Release enhances inflammation

33. Monocytes
2-8% of WBCs
Remains in blood for 24hr before becoming a macrophage in tissue
Macrophage=aggressive phagocytes
While active, secrete chemicals that attract/stimulate other WBCs
Also secrete chemicals that attract fibroblasts into region

34. Lymphocytes 20-30% of WBCs Note the round nucleus, little cytoplasm
Most lymphocytes reside in connective tissue or lymphatic organs
In circulating blood: B cells, T cells, and NK cells

35. WBC Production

36. Platelets
Anuclear cell fragments, contain cytoplasm and proteins (4 m diameter)
“Pinched off” from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Major participant in clotting response

37. Hemostasis Highly regulated process of halting blood loss 3 phases
Vascular phase
Platelet phase
Coagulation phase

38. Hemostasis: Vascular phase
Release of ADP and endothelins
Cutting triggers smooth muscle contraction of vessel wall
Basal lamina exposed to bloodstream
Endothelial cells release chemical factors, local hormones --ADP, endothelins
Endothelial cell membranes become ‘sticky’ --Platelets stick!

39. Hemostasis: Platelet phase

40. Hemostasis: Platelet phase

41. Hemostasis: Coagulation phase
Fibrin is insoluble!